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Chemical compound

Zinc pyrithione (or pyrithione zinc) is a coordination complex of zinc. It has fungistatic (inhibiting the division of fungal cells) and bacteriostatic (inhibiting bacterial cell division) properties and is used in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff.

The pyrithione ligands, which are formally monoanions, are chelated to Zn2+ via oxygen and sulfur centers. In the crystalline state, zinc pyrithione exists as a centrosymmetric dimer (see figure), where each zinc is bonded to two sulfur and three oxygen centers. In solution, however, the dimers dissociate via scission of one Zn O bond. This compound was first described in the 1930s. Pyrithione is the conjugate base derived from 2 mercaptopyridine N oxide (CAS# 1121 31 9), a derivative of pyridine N oxide.

Zinc pyrithione can be used to treat dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis. It also has antibacterial properties and is effective against many pathogens from the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus genera. Its other medical applications include treatments of psoriasis, eczema, ringworm, fungus, athletes foot, dry skin, atopic dermatitis, tinea versicolor,

A process to apply zinc pyrithione to cotton with washable results was patented in the United States in 1984. Zinc pyrithione is used to prevent microbe growth in polyester. Textiles with applied zinc pyrithione protect against odor causing microorganisms. Export of antimicrobial textiles reached US$497.4 million in 2015.

Its antifungal effect is thought to derive from its ability to disrupt membrane transport by blocking the proton pump that energizes the transport mechanism.

Zinc pyrithione is approved for over the counter topical use in the United States as a treatment for dandruff and is the active ingredient in several anti dandruff shampoos and body wash gels. In its industrial forms and strengths, it may be harmful by contact or ingestion. Zinc pyrithione can in the laboratory setting trigger a variety of responses, such as DNA damage in skin cells.

Use of zinc pyrithione is prohibited within cosmetic products in the European Union since December 2021. The substance was considered safe for use in rinse off and leave in products of different tested concentrations, but due to environmental toxicity standard regulation was considered against potential alternatives – and as no submission was made for its use it was automatically prohibited. A Danish study shows that it biodegrades quickly, but that a risk of continuous leaching from boat paint may cause environmental toxicity.