Каталон тілінің орфографиясы

Orthography of the Catalan language

The Catalan and Valencian orthographies encompass the spelling and punctuation of standard Catalan (set by the IEC) and Valencian (set by the AVL). There are also several adapted variants to the peculiarities of local dialects of Insular Catalan (Alguerese and the Balearic subdialects).

Catalan and Valencian also use the acute and grave accents to mark stress or vowel quality. An acute on indicates that the vowel is stressed and close mid , while grave on indicates that the vowel is stressed and open mid Grave on and acute on simply indicate that the vowels are stressed. Thus, the acute is used on close or close mid vowels, and the grave on open or open mid vowels. Words ending with the demonym es (anglès / anglés 'English', francès / francés 'French'), the past participles (admès / admés 'admitted', compromès / compromés 'committed') and adjectives (cortès / cortés 'courteous'). The ordinal numerals ending in stressed e: cinquè / cinqué ('fifth'), sisè / sisé ('sixth'). The ending of the third person of the plural of indicative en of some verbs of the 2nd conjugation (aprèn / aprén 'learn', comprèn / comprén 'comprehend', depèn / depén 'depend'), except in the cases where this ending is preceded by the consonant t or c, where it is pronounced with a closed e in all speeches (atén 'attend', entén 'understand', pretén 'pretend', encén 'switch on'). The infinitives ending in eixer (conèixer / conéixer 'to know', merèixer / meréixer 'to deserve', parèixer / paréixer 'to seem', but uniquely créixer 'to grow') and encer (vèncer / véncer 'to win', convèncer / convéncer 'to convince'). The second and third person of the plural of the simple past tense of indicative with accent on the radical: fèiem / féiem 'we did', fèieu / féieu 'you pl. did'.

The circumflex is rarely used in modern Catalan and Valencian, nonetheless it has been used in the beginning of the 19th century by Antoni Febrer i Cardona to represent schwa in the Balearic subdialects. According to the Diccionari català valencià balear, in modern times there are some cases where the circumflex can be used to indicate silent etymological sounds (similar to French) or a contraction. Contrary to the restrictions of the acute and grave accent, the circumflex can be used with all vowels , the most common, especially in Valencian, being (i. e. due to the elision of ), e. g. mascletâes (instead of mascletades 'pyrotechnic festivals'), anâ (instead of anar 'to go'), témê (instead of témer 'to fear'), sortî (instead of sortir 'to exit'), pâ ('to', preposition in colloquial Valencian).

Catalan and Valencian ce trencada (Ç ç), literally in English 'broken cee', is a modified with a cedilla mark ( ¸ ). It is only used before to indicate a soft c , much like in Portuguese, Occitan or French (e. g. compare coça or 'kick', coca or 'cake' and cosa or 'thing'). In Catalan and Valencian, ce trencada also appears as last letter of a word (e. g. feliç or 'happy', falç 'sickle'), but then may be voiced to before vowels and voiced consonants, e. g. feliçment or ('happily') and braç esquerre or ('left arm').

The so called punt volat or middot is only used in the group (called ela or el(e) geminada, 'geminate el') to represent a geminated sound , as is used to represent the palatal lateral This usage of the middot sign is a recent invention from the beginning of twentieth century (in medieval and modern Catalan, before Fabra's standardization, this symbol was sometimes used to note certain elisions, especially in poetry). The only (and improbable) case of ambiguity in the whole language that could arise is the pair ceŀla or ('cell') vs cella or ('eyebrow').

The distribution of the two rhotics and closely parallels that of Spanish. Between vowels, the two contrast but they are otherwise in complementary distribution: in the onset, an alveolar trill, , appears unless preceded by a consonant; different dialects vary in regards to rhotics in the coda with Western Catalan generally featuring an alveolar tap, , and Central Catalan dialects like those of Barcelona or Girona featuring a weakly trilled unless it precedes a vowel initial word in the same prosodic unit, in which case appears. In Eastern Catalan and North Western Catalan, most instances of word final are silent, but there are plenty of unpredictable exceptions (e. g. in Central Eastern Catalan por 'fear' but mar 'sea'). In Central Eastern Catalan monosyllabic words with a pronounced final get a reinforcement final consonant when in absolute final position (e. g. final of cor ('heart') in reina del meu cor 'queen of my heart' vs el cor es mou 'the heart is moving'). In Valencian, most instances of word final are pronounced.