Льюис пен Кларк экспедициясының тарихы: 1803-1806 жж.

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This is the timeline of the Lewis and Clark Expedition through the American West, 1803–1806.

DateEventJanuary 18President Jefferson sends a secret message to the U. S. Congress proposing an expedition to the Pacific Northwest. February 22The House and Senate approve Jefferson's request. March 15Lewis travels to the U. S. Army arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia (later West Virginia) to procure arms and ammunition for the expedition. April 19Lewis arrives in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, where he studies the use of the sextant and chronometer for celestial navigation. April 30James Madison, Secretary of State, and Robert R. Livingston, U. S. Minister to France, reach an agreement to purchase Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million. May 14Lewis leaves Lancaster and travels to Philadelphia to study medicine, anatomy and botany under the day's leading experts. During his three week stay, he buys supplies and equipment as well as gifts for the Indians he expects to encounter. June 19Lewis writes to William Clark inviting him to co lead the expedition. June 20President Jefferson sends Lewis instructions for exploring the Louisiana Territory. July 4The proposed Louisiana Purchase Treaty is announced in Washington, D. C. July 15Lewis arrives in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to direct the construction of a 55 foot keelboat with a 32 foot mast and benches for 22 oarsmen. He also purchases a pirogue over 40 feet long. July 18Clark writes to Lewis accepting his invitation. August 31After more than a month of delays, the keelboat is completed and immediately loaded. With a crew of 11, Lewis heads down the Ohio River. September 1Lewis documents the first day of travel, beginning what becomes the Journals of the Lewis & Clark Expedition. October 15Lewis rendezvous with Clark in Clarksville, Indiana territory. Clark is accompanied by his African American slave York. Over the next two weeks, they select nine civilians from a field of volunteers. October 20The U. S. Senate ratifies the treaty for the Louisiana Purchase. November 15While the Corps camps at the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, Lewis and Clark practice determining longitude and latitude using their surveying instruments. December 6Lewis travels by horseback to St. Louis in present day Missouri intending to spend the winter procuring more supplies. December 12Clark arrives at the site of the expedition's winter encampment on the Mississippi River above St. Louis in Illinois. The construction of Camp Dubois begins the next day. December 20France transfers the Louisiana Territory to the U. S., which takes possession on December 30. March 26To his bitter disappointment, Lewis learns that Clark's commission has been approved but as a lieutenant rather than captain. Despite the difference in rank, a fact withheld from the men, the two share command equally throughout the expedition. March 29Pvts. Shields and Colter are tried for mutiny following a fight in which they threaten Sgt. Ordway's life. Their pleas for forgiveness are accepted. March 31Lewis and Clark hold a ceremony formally inducting 25 recruits into the Corps. Another five men are designated to return on the keelboat the next spring before the "permanent party" crosses the Rocky Mountains. April 7Lewis and Clark travel to St. Louis by canoe to attend a dinner and ball. May 14The Corps of Discovery departs Camp Dubois under Clark's command, its crew more than 40 strong. May 16They reach St. Charles on the Missouri River to await Lewis's return from St. Louis. May 17Pvts. Collins, Hall and Werner are court martialed for being AWOL. Collins, who is convicted of additional charges, receives 50 lashes. The other two have their sentences of 25 lashes suspended. May 21With Lewis and Clark in command, the Corps embarks on the keelboat and two pirogues. During their 2,300 mile trip to the Rockies, the men struggle against the Missouri's current. While sails help when the winds are favorable, most progress is by rowing and either pushing or pulling the heavily ladened keelboat. May 25About 50 miles from St. Charles, the party passes La Charette, the westernmost Euro American settlement on the Missouri. June 26The expedition encamps at Kaw Point near the Missouri's confluence with the Kansas River in present day Kansas, 400 river miles into their journey. As a precaution against a possible attack by the regions's Kansa tribe, the men build a temporary defense, but otherwise they spend several days resting and repairing their boats. June 29During the Corps' stay at Kaw Point, Pvt. Collins is court martialed on charges of stealing whiskey while on guard duty. His sentence is severe, 100 lashes. Pvt. Hall, who is tried for drinking with Collins, receives 50 lashes. July 11The Corps enters present day Nebraska. Pvt. Willard is caught sleeping on guard duty, a capital offense. He is sentenced the next day to receive 100 lashes in four equal installments. July 21The expedition reaches the confluence of Nebraska's Platte River, 640 miles from St. Louis. July 30The Corps camps near today's Fort Calhoun, Nebraska, on a hill they name Council Bluff. August 3Lewis and Clark meet at Council Bluff with chiefs of the Oto and Missouri tribes. While the chiefs want weapons more than token gifts, the Corps' first attempt at diplomacy is for the most part a success. August 4The party departs, but Pvt. Reed deserts. Two days later, the captains determine Reed is to be brought back dead or alive. August 18Reed is captured and returned for trial. In addition to being sentenced to a flogging in which he is required to run the gauntlet four times, Reed is expelled from the Corps. Since banishment to the wilds would be a death sentence, he is allowed to remain with the expedition through the winter. August 20Sgt. Floyd dies, probably from a ruptured appendix. He is the sole casualty of the two year expedition. August 26The men elect Pvt. Gass sergeant. Pvt. Shannon, the Corps' youngest member, becomes lost while searching for horses stolen by the Indians. August 27The Corps strikes camp in Yankton Sioux territory on the Nebraska side of the Missouri near the mouth of South Dakota's James River. August 30Lewis and Clark hold talks with the Yanktons, who want rifles and whiskey. Instead, the tribe is invited to send a delegation to meet with the Great White Father in Washington, D. C. September 11Pvt. Shannon is found on the bank of the Missouri starving and out of ammunition after being lost 16 days. September 20They reach the Missouri's Big Bend in central South Dakota, nearly 1,300 miles from their starting point. September 25 Weapons are drawn in a confrontation with the Lakota Sioux near modern day Pierre, South Dakota. Elder Chief Black Buffalo diplomatically intervenes, averting bloodshed. October 24The Corps reaches Mandan Indian territory near present day Washburn, North Dakota. Over the next few days, they meet with Mandan and Hidatsa chiefs and begin looking for a site for a winter fort. November 2A location for their winter fortification is selected across the river from the main Mandan village. They name the encampment Fort Mandan to honor the tribe. Construction begins. November 4Toussaint Charbonneau, a French fur trader living with the Mandans, is hired as an interpreter. One of Charbonneau's wives, a pregnant 16 year old Lemhi Shoshone named Sacagawea, is also hired. December 24Fort Mandan is completed. December 25The Corps celebrates Christmas with special food, rum and dancing.

DateEventFebruary 9Pvt. Howard returns after dark and scales the fort's wall instead of asking the guard to open the gate. An Indian happens to see this and scales the wall himself. In the last disciplinary trial of the expedition, Howard is charged with a breach of security and is ordered to receive 50 lashes, but Lewis suspends the sentence. February 11Sacagawea gives birth to a son, Jean Baptiste Charbonneau, nicknamed "Pompy" by Clark. April 7With the arrival of spring, the Corps resumes its journey. The keelboat is sent back down the Missouri with a crew of a dozen men and a shipment for President Jefferson. The "permanent party" travels west in the two pirogues and six dugout canoes. April 25The expedition reaches the confluence of the Yellowstone River in northwestern North Dakota, the Missouri's principal northern tributary. April 27They enter present day Montana. In the ensuing days, the men sight herds of up to 10,000 buffalo. They also encounter and kill their first grizzly bear. May 14A sudden storm tips a pirogue and many items, including the Corps' journals, spill into the river. Sacagawea calmly recovers most of the items, earning Clark's praise for her quick thinking. May 26Lewis sees the Rocky Mountains for the first time. His initial reaction is joy, but he then considers the serious challenges the snow covered mountains will pose for his men. June 1In north central Montana, the Corps comes to an unexpected fork in the river, with one branch flowing from the north, the other from the south. They take a vote on which is the Missouri. Only Lewis and Clark favor the southern route. After days of debate and explorations, another vote yields the same result. Despite their doubts, the men agree to follow the leaders. June 13A scouting party led by Lewis reaches the Great Falls of the Missouri. The discovery proves they have taken the correct course. June 17The men circumnavigate the falls, dragging their canoes and equipment across 18 mile (29 km) of rough terrain, a month and a half ordeal. August 8Sacagawea recognizes a natural formation from her childhood, Beaverhead Rock, indicating they are in the area where the Shoshone spend their summers. August 12Lewis and three other men cross the Continental Divide at Lemhi Pass on the Montana Idaho border. Meanwhile, the expedition's shipment arrives at the President's house in Washington, D. C. August 13While Clark is on a scouting expedition, Lewis meets up with sixty warriors of the Shoshone nation. Once he establishes their peaceful intentions, he and his men are welcomed into the tribe's village. August 16When the Shoshone become fearful of being led into a trap, Lewis lends his rifle to the Chief and his men follow suit. The gesture helps gain the Shoshone's trust. August 17Sacagawea has a tearful reunion with her brother Cameahwait, now a Shoshone chief. Clark returns, and with Sacagawea's help, the Corps is able to negotiate for the horses needed to cross the Rockies. September 4The expedition approaches the eastern slope of the Bitterroot Mountains and enters a valley near Sula, Montana. They are met by a band of Bitterroot Salish, also known as Flathead Indians, and spend two days resting and trading for horses. The band consists of 33 lodges, 80 men, and 400 total members. September 11After several days at Traveler's Rest near Lolo, Montana, the Corps begins crossing the Bitterroot Mountains, the most dangerous leg of the entire journey. Over the next 11 days, the men struggle through deep snow. Starving, they resort to eating some of their colts. September 22Emerging from the mountains on the Weippe Prairie, the expedition is taken in by the Nez Perce Indians. In the days ahead, everyone becomes sick from overeating the dried fish and boiled roots served by their hosts. September 26The party travels down north central Idaho's Clearwater River to set up an encampment for building canoes, west of present day Orofino. Work proceeds slowly as the men recover. October 7The journey resumes. October 10The expedition enters present day Washington at the Clearwater's confluence with the Snake River (Lewiston Clarkston). They follow the Snake, the Columbia River's largest tributary. October 16The Corps reaches the Columbia at present day Tri Cities. Several miles to the south, the Columbia turns west and is the modern day border of Oregon and Washington. October 18Clark sights Mount Hood through the fog, some 45 mile (72 km) in the distance. October 22The Corps descends Celilo Falls, the beginning of a treacherous 55 mile (89 km) stretch of the Columbia. November 7Clark writes in his journal, "Great joy in camp we are in View of the Ocian". His elation is premature. They have sighted the Columbia River's estuary and are still 20 mile (32 km) from the Pacific. November 8The waves in the estuary become too hazardous for the canoes, so they set up camp. November 10The men attempt to make progress by hugging the shoreline, but the dangerous conditions again force them to shore. November 12A violent thunderstorm strikes with hail, heavy rain, and gale force winds. After burying all but one of their canoes under rocks to prevent them from being crushed by the waves and floating logs, they retreat by land to a cove up river. They are pinned down here for several days as the inclement weather continues. November 15With a break in the weather, the estuary becomes navigable, enabling the Corps to reach the Pacific. The men land on a sandy beach that they name Station Camp. They spend the next ten days here hunting, trading with the Chinook and Clatsop Indians, and exploring the surrounding coastline. December 8They begin building Fort Clatsop, near modern day Astoria. December 30The expedition's log fortress is completed, but the winter proves miserable as it rains during all but twelve days of their three month stay.

DateEventMarch 23The Corps departs Fort Clatsop, eager to begin their journey home. April 18The expedition reaches the Columbia's Great Falls. They need horses for re crossing the Rockies, but the Native Americans demand steep prices so they buy only four. April 28They leave Oregon, following the Columbia to the Snake River in southeastern Washington. May 3After enduring a heavy snow storm, the Corps meets up with a familiar Nez Perce chief and 10 of his men. May 5The expedition reaches present day Idaho, where they pick up the Clearwater River. May 14Having started their journey too early, the Corps must wait for the mountain snows to melt. The men camp for nearly a month in what is now the Nez Perce Reservation. June 10They pull up camp and four days later reach the Bitterroot Mountains. June 24The Corps starts to cross the Bitterroots. With the help of three Nez Perce guides, they cut 300 miles off the journey. June 29The expedition enters western Montana through Lolo Pass. July 3The Corps is divided in two to enable them to explore additional lands. Lewis leads one group down the Missouri, while Clark's takes a southern route following the Yellowstone River. Along the way, they break into smaller exploratory groups. July 25Clark names a rock formation on the Yellowstone for Sacagawea's son, a site now known as Pompeys Pillar. Clark inscribes his name and the date on the rock face, the only remaining physical evidence of the Corps' journey. July 26Traveling on horseback, Lewis and his men encounter a small band of Blackfeet warriors. They spend the night together, but in the morning two Blackfeet braves are killed while trying to steal the group's guns and horses. Afraid of reprisals, the men ride for nearly 24 hours. August 2Clark's group reaches the Missouri and enters present day North Dakota. August 11Lewis is accidentally shot in the buttocks by one of his men. August 12The Corps reunites on the Missouri in western North Dakota near the mouth of Knife River. August 14The expedition returns to a warm welcome by the Hidatsa and Mandan tribes. August 17The men continue down the Missouri, leaving Charbonneau, Sacagawea and their son with the Mandans. Clark offers to raise the boy, who is now 19 months old. With the Missouri's current in their favor, they are able to cover over 70 miles a day. September 23The Corps arrives in St. Louis, successfully concluding their 8,000 mile journey after two years, four months and 10 days. December 28Lewis arrives in Washington, D. C. At the end of February, Jefferson nominates him as Governor of Upper Louisiana.

DateEventJanuary 15Clark arrives in Washington, D. C. He is appointed Agent for Indian Affairs in the Louisiana Territory.