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This is a list of sexually active popes, Catholic priests who were not celibate before they became pope, and those who were legally married before becoming pope. Some candidates were allegedly sexually active before their election as pope, and others were accused of being sexually active during their papacies. A number of them had offspring. There are various classifications for those who were sexually active during their lives. Allegations of sexual activities are of varying levels of reliability, with several having been made by political opponents and being contested by modern historians.

For many years of the Church's history, celibacy was considered optional. Based on the customs of the times, it is assumed by many that most of the Twelve Apostles were married and had families. The New Testament (Mark 1:29–31; Matthew 8:14–15; Luke 4:38–39; 1 Timothy 3:2, 12; Titus 1:6) depicts at least Peter as being married, and bishops, priests and deacons of the Early Church were often married as well. In epigraphy, the testimony of the Church Fathers, synodal legislation, and papal decretals in the following centuries, a married clergy, in greater or lesser numbers, was a feature of the life of the Church. Celibacy was not required for those ordained and was accepted in the early Church, particularly by those in the monastic life. Although various local Church councils had demanded celibacy of the clergy in a particular area, the Second Lateran Council (1139) made the promise to remain celibate a prerequisite to ordination, abolishing the married priesthood in the Latin Church. Subsequently sexual relationships were generally undertaken outside the bond of matrimony and each sexual act thus committed considered a mortal sin.

NameReign(s)RelationshipOffspringNotesSaint Peter30/33–64/68Mother in law (Greek πενθερά, penthera) is mentioned in the Gospel verses Matthew 8:14–15 (KJV), Luke 4:38 (KJV), Mark 1:29–31 (KJV), and who was healed by Jesus at her home in Capernaum. asks whether others have the right to be accompanied by Christian wives as does "Cephas" (Peter). Clement of Alexandria wrote: "When the blessed Peter saw his own wife led out to die, he rejoiced because of her summons and her return home, and called to her very encouragingly and comfortingly, addressing her by name, and saying, 'Remember the Lord.' Such was the marriage of the blessed, and their perfect disposition toward those dearest to them." YesLater legends, dating from the 6th century onwards, suggested that Peter had a daughter – identified as Saint Petronilla. This is likely to be a result of the similarity of their names. Felix III483–492Widowed before his election as popeYesHimself the son of a priest, he fathered two children, one of whom was the mother of Pope Gregory the Great. Hormisdas514–523Widowed before he took holy ordersYesFather of Pope Silverius. Adrian II867–872Married to Stephania before he took holy orders, she was still living when he was elected pope and resided with him in the Lateran PalaceYes (a daughter)His wife and daughter both resided with him until they were murdered by Eleutherius, brother of Anastasius Bibliothecarius, the Church's chief librarian. John XVII1003Married before his election as pope Yes (three sons)All of his children became priests. Clement IV1265–1268Married before taking holy ordersYes (two daughters)Both children entered a conventHonorius IV1285–1287Widowed before entering the clergyYes (at least two sons)

NameReignRelationshipOffspringNotesPius II1458–1464Not marriedYes (at least two)Two children, both born before he formally entered the clergy. The first child, fathered while in Scotland, died in infancy. A second child fathered while in Strasbourg with a Breton woman named Elizabeth died 14 months later. He delayed becoming a cleric because of the requirement of chastity. Innocent VIII1484–1492Not marriedYes (two)Both born before he entered the clergy. Married elder son Franceschetto Cybo to the daughter of Lorenzo de' Medici, who in return obtained the cardinal's hat for his 13 year old son Giovanni, who became Pope Leo X. His daughter Teodorina Cybo married Gerardo Usodimare. Clement VII1523–1534Not married. Relationship with a slave girl – possibly Simonetta da CollevecchioYes (one)Identified as Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence.

NameReignRelationshipOffspringNotesJulius II1503–1513Not marriedYes (three daughters)Three illegitimate daughters, one of whom was Felice della Rovere (born in 1483, twenty years before his election as pope, and twelve years after his enthronement as bishop of Lausanne). The schismatic Conciliabulum of Pisa, which sought to depose him in 1511, also accused him of being a "sodomite". Paul III1534–1549Not married. Silvia Ruffini as mistressYes (three sons and one daughter)Held off ordination in order to continue his lifestyle, fathering four illegitimate children (three sons and one daughter) by Silvia Ruffini after his appointment as cardinal deacon of Santi Cosimo and Damiano. He broke his relations with her ca. 1513. He made his illegitimate son Pier Luigi Farnese the first duke of Parma. Pius IV1559–1565Not marriedAllegedly three One was a son born in 1541 or 1542. He also had two daughters. Gregory XIII1572–1585Not married. Affair with Maddalena FulchiniYes Received the ecclesiastical tonsure in Bologna in June 1539, and subsequently had an affair that resulted in the birth of Giacomo Boncompagni in 1548. Giacomo remained illegitimate, with Gregory later appointing him Gonfalonier of the Church, governor of the Castel Sant'Angelo and Fermo. Leo XII1823–1829Not marriedAllegedly threeAs a young prelate, he came under suspicion of having a liaison with the wife of a Swiss Guard soldier and as nuncio in Germany allegedly fathered three illegitimate children.

A majority of the allegations made in this section are disputed by modern historians.

NameReignRelationshipOffspringNotesSergius III904–911Not marriedYes (at least one)Accused of being the illegitimate father of Pope John XI by Marozia, the fifteen year old daughter of Theodora and Theophylact I, Count of Tusculum. Such accusations lay in Liutprand of Cremona's Antapodosis and the Liber Pontificalis. The accusations have discrepancies with another early source, the annalist Flodoard (c. 894–966): John XI was the brother of Alberic II, the latter being the offspring of Marozia and her husband Alberic I, so John too may have been the son of Marozia and Alberic I. Fauvarque emphasizes that contemporary sources are dubious, Liutprand being "prone to exaggeration" while other mentions of this fatherhood appear in satires written by supporters of Pope Formosus. John X914–928Not married. Affairs with Theodora and Marozia. NoHad romantic affairs with both Theodora and her daughter Marozia, according to Liutprand of Cremona in his Antapodosis. However, Monsignor Johann Peter Kirsch (ecclesiastical historian and Catholic priest) wrote, "This statement is, however, generally and rightly rejected as a calumny. Liutprand wrote his history some fifty years later, and constantly slandered the Romans, whom he hated. "John XII955–964Not marriedNoAccused by adversaries of adultery and incest. Benedict of Soracte noted that he had "a collection of women". According to Liutprand of Cremona, Some sources report that he died eight days after being stricken by paralysis while in the act of adultery, Alexander VI1492–1503Not married. Relationships with Vanozza dei Catanei and Giulia Farnese. Possibly Had a long affair with Vannozza dei Cattanei while still a priest, and before he became pope; and by her had his illegitimate children Cesare Borgia, Giovanni Borgia, Gioffre Borgia, and Lucrezia. G. J. Meyer has argued that the birth dates of the four in comparison with Alexander's known whereabouts actually preclude him having fathered any of them. A later mistress, Giulia Farnese, was the sister of Alessandro Farnese, giving birth to a daughter Laura while Alexander was in his 60s and reigning as pope.

NameReignRelationshipNotesPaul II1464–1471Not married. Alleged affair with a pageThought to have died of indigestion arising from eating melon, though his opponents alleged he died while being sodomized by a page. Sixtus IV1471–1484Not marriedAccording to Stefano Infessura, Sixtus was a "lover of boys and sodomites" – awarding benefices and bishoprics in return for sexual favours, and nominating a number of young men as cardinals, some of whom were celebrated for their good looks. Infessura had partisan allegiances to the Colonna family and so is not considered to be always reliable or impartial. Leo X1513–1521Not marriedPosthumously accused of homosexuality (by Francesco Guicciardini and Paolo Giovio). Falconi suggests he may have offered preferment to Marcantonio Flaminio because he was attracted to him. Historians have dealt with the issue of Leo's sexuality at least since the late 18th century, and few have given credence to the imputations made against him in his later years and decades following his death, or else have at least regarded them as unworthy of notice; without necessarily reaching conclusions on whether he was homosexual. Julius III1550–1555Not married. Alleged affair with enobled cardinalAccusations of his homosexuality spread across Europe during his reign due to the favouritism shown to Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte, who rose from beggar to cardinal under Julius' patronage.

NameReignRelationshipOffspringNotesBenedict IX1032–1044, 1045, 1047–1048Not marriedNoAccused by Bishop Benno of Piacenza of "many vile adulteries". Pope Victor III referred in his third book of Dialogues to "his rapes and other unspeakable acts". In May 1045, Benedict IX resigned his office to get married.