Аморфофаллус: тропикалық гүлді өсімдіктер туысы

Genus of flowering plants

Amorphophallus (from Ancient Greek amorphos, "without form, misshapen" + phallos, "penis", referring to the shape of the prominent spadix) is a large genus of some 200 tropical and subtropical tuberous herbaceous plants from the Arum family (Araceae), native to Asia, Africa, Australia and various oceanic islands. A few species are edible as "famine foods" after careful preparation to remove irritating chemicals. The genus includes the Titan arum (A. titanum) of Indonesia, which has the largest inflorescence of any plant in the genus, and is also known as the 'corpse flower' for the pungent odour it produces during its flowering period, which can take up through seven years of growth before it occurs.

The oldest systematic record of the plants was in 1692, when Van Rheede tot Drakenstein published descriptions of two plants. The name "Amorphophallus" was first mentioned in 1834 by the Dutch botanist Blume. Between 1876 and 1911, Engler merged a number of other genera into Amorphophallus, with a final monograph published in 1911.

These small to massive plants grow from a subterranean tuber. Amorphophallus tubers vary greatly from species to species, from the quite uniformly globose tuber of A. konjac to the elongated tubers of A. longituberosus and A. macrorhizus to the bizarre clustered rootstock of A. coaetaneus. It can grow upto 6 feet in height and the weight of these tubers range from as little as ten grams (3/10ths of an ounce) in Amorphophallus pusillus of Vietnam to as much as 305 pounds (139 kg) for Amorphophallus titanum, a 14,000 fold difference in weight. From the top of this tuber a single leaf, which can be several meters across in larger species, is produced atop a trunk like petiole followed, on maturity, by a single inflorescence. This leaf consists of a vertical leaf stalk and a horizontal blade, which may consist of a number of small leaflets. The leaf lasts one growing season. The peduncle (the primary flower stalk) can be long or short. As is typical of the Arum family, these species develop an inflorescence consisting of an elongate or ovate spathe (a sheathing bract) which usually envelops the spadix (a flower spike with a fleshy axis). The spathe can have different colors, but mostly brownish purple or whitish green. On the inside, they contain ridges or warts, functioning as insect traps. The plants are monoecious. The spadix has tiny flowers: female flowers, no more than a pistil, at the bottom, then male flowers, each with one stamen, and then a blank sterile area. This last part, called 'the appendix', consists of sterile flowers, called staminodes, and can be especially large. The flowers do not have corollas. Mature female flowers are usually receptive for only 1 day. In many species, the inflorescence emits a scent of decaying flesh in order to attract insects, though a number of species give off a pleasant odor. Through a number of ingenious insect traps, pollinating insects that entered a spathe when female flowers were receptive remain inside the spathe for about 1 day while male flowers mature and release pollen. Pollen falls on these insects, and they carry pollen as they exit the spathe and can pollinate female flowers in another spathe. Amorphophallus species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species including Palpifer sexnotatus and Palpifer sordida. Pollinated flowers usually each develop into a globose berry, a fruit. The berries are red, orange red, white, white and yellow, or blue, depending on the species.

The species Amorphophallus titanum, 'corpse flower' or titan arum, has the world's largest unbranched inflorescence, with a height of up to and a width of After an over tall flower opened at Chicago Botanic Gardens on September 29, 2015, thousands lined up to see and smell it. The floriculturalist described it as smelling "like roadkill, a barnyard, a dirty diaper, very strong, a little bit of mothball smell too". Native to the Indonesian rainforest, it takes about 10 years to blossom. Dubbed "Alice", its bloom was broadcast via live webcam. It is one of two plants at the Chicago Botanic Gardens, which kept open until 2 am on September 30 to accommodate visitors. A runner up is Amorphophallus gigas, which is taller, but has a somewhat smaller inflorescence. Amorphophallus konjac tubers are used to make konjac (konnyaku), a Japanese thickening agent and edible jelly containing glucomannan. Some species are called voodoo lily, as are some species of Typhonium (also in the Araceae).

Image Name Year Distribution Amorphophallus adamsensis 2013 Philippines Amorphophallus angulatus 1994 Borneo (Sarawak) Amorphophallus ardii 2020 Sulawesi. Amorphophallus asper 1911 Sumatera Amorphophallus bangkokensis 1941 Thailand Amorphophallus beccarii 1880 Sumatera Amorphophallus borneensis 1911 Borneo Amorphophallus boyceanus 2001 Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia Amorphophallus brachyphyllus 2001 Borneo (Kuching) Amorphophallus bufo 1909 Malaysia Amorphophallus calcicolus 2021 Philippines Amorphophallus caudatus 2020 Philippines Amorphophallus cidarioides 2020 Philippines Amorphophallus commutatus 1879 Western India Amorphophallus costatus 1994 Borneo (Sarawak, Kalimantan). Amorphophallus declinatus 1994 Philippines Amorphophallus decus silvae : West Java giant amorphophallus 1920 Java Amorphophallus discophorus1920 Java Amorphophallus eburneus 1989 Borneo (Sarawak) Amorphophallus elegans 1922 Peninsular Malaysia Amorphophallus flammeus 2022 Philippines Amorphophallus fontarumii 2022 Philippines (Luzon) Amorphophallus fornicatus 2020 Philippines (Luzon) Amorphophallus galbra1893 New Guinea to N. Australia. Amorphophallus gigas : Sumatra giant amorphophallus1862 Sumatra Amorphophallus hewittii 1920 Borneo Amorphophallus hirsutus 1862 Nicobar Islands, W. Sumatra Amorphophallus hottae 1992 Borneo (Sabah, Sarawak). Amorphophallus infundibuliformis 1994 Borneo Amorphophallus julaihii 2004 Borneo (Sarawak). Amorphophallus juliae 2010 Borneo (Sarawak) Amorphophallus koratensis Gagnep. 1941 Cambodia, Laos, Thailand Amorphophallus lambii Mayo & Widjaja1982 Borneo Amorphophallus linguiformis Hett.1994 Borneo (Kalimantan). Amorphophallus longispathaceus Engl. & Gehrm.1911 Philippines (Mindanao) Amorphophallus longistylus Kurz ex Hook. f.1893 Andaman Islands. Amorphophallus luzoniensis 1915 Philippines (Luzon) Amorphophallus manta 1994 Sumatra to Peninsula Malaysia. Amorphophallus merrillii1912 Philippines Amorphophallus minimus 2021 Philippines Amorphophallus myosuroides 2006 Laos Amorphophallus niahensis 2010 Borneo (Sarawak) Amorphophallus obovoideus 1922 Sumatra Amorphophallus obscurus 2001 Thailand Amorphophallus ongsakulii 2006 Laos Amorphophallus opertus 1994 Vietnam Amorphophallus paeoniifolius : Whitespot giant arum, elephant yam1977 Andaman Island, Assam, Bangladesh, Borneo, Cambodia, China South Central, China Southeast, East Himalaya, Hainan, India, Java, Laos, Lesser Sundas Is., Malaya, Maluku, Myanmar, New Guinea, Northern Territory, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sulawesi, Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam Amorphophallus palawanensis 1992 Philippines Amorphophallus pendulus : Brunei amorphophallus 1986 Borneo (Brunei, Sarawak) Amorphophallus plicatus 1936 Sulawesi. Amorphophallus polyanthus 2001 Thailand Amorphophallus prainii 1893 Laos, Malaya, Sumatera, Thailand Amorphophallus pulchellus 2013 Laos Amorphophallus pusillus 1994 Vietnam Amorphophallus ranchanensis 2007 Borneo (Sarawak) Amorphophallus rayongii 2020 Philippines Amorphophallus rostratus 1994 Vietnam Amorphophallus rugosus 1994 Borneo (Sabah) Amorphophallus sagittarius 1953 Java Amorphophallus salmoneus 1994 Philippines Amorphophallus scaber 1994 Philippines Amorphophallus serrulatus 2006 Thailand Amorphophallus spectabilis 1879 Java Amorphophallus sumawongii 1985 Thailand Amorphophallus terrestris 2012 Thailand Amorphophallus tinekeae 2001 Borneo Amorphophallus titanum : Titan arum, krubi (largest flower structure on earth) 1879 Sumatra Amorphophallus urceolatus 2020 Philippines Amorphophallus variabilis 1873 Jawa to Lesser Sunda Islands, Philippines Amorphophallus venustus 2001 Borneo Amorphophallus verticillatus 1994 Vietnam Amorphophallus yaoi 2020 Philippines

Image Name Year Distribution Amorphophallus albispathus 1994 Thailand Amorphophallus albus 1984 China (Sichuan, Yunnan). Amorphophallus annulifer 1994 Java Amorphophallus asterostigmatus 1992 Thailand Amorphophallus bognerianus 2009 India (Arunachal Pradesh) Amorphophallus carneus 1904 Malayasia, Thailand Amorphophallus chlorospathus 1893 India, Myanmar Amorphophallus coudercii 1985 Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam Amorphophallus curvistylis 1994 Thailand Amorphophallus echinatus 1985 Thailand. Amorphophallus excentricus 1994 Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi) Amorphophallus fallax 2012 Vietnam Amorphophallus flotoi 2018 Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam Amorphophallus fuscus 2006 Thailand. Amorphophallus glaucophyllus 2006 Thailand. Amorphophallus haematospadix 1893 Thailand, Malaysia (Pulau Langkawi) Amorphophallus hohenackeri 1911 India Amorphophallus kachinensis 1911 China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand Amorphophallus konjac : Devil's tongue, elephant foot, elephant yam, leopard palm, snake palm, umbrella arum, voodoo lily 1858 China (Yunnan) Amorphophallus khammouanensis 2015 Laos. Amorphophallus krausei 1911 China (Yunnan), Laos, Myanmar, Thailand Amorphophallus kuznetsovii 2012 Vietnam Amorphophallus lacourii 1878 Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam Amorphophallus lanceolatus 2012 Vietnam Amorphophallus longituberosus 1911 Bangladesh, Malaya, Thailand Amorphophallus macrophyllus 2012 Thailand, Vietnam Amorphophallus maxwellii 1994 Thailand Amorphophallus nicolsonianus 1986 India (Kerala). Amorphophallus napalensis 1985 Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Myanmar, and India Amorphophallus purpurascens 1893 Myanmar Amorphophallus ravenii 2018 Laos Amorphophallus rhizomatosus 1994 Laos, Vietnam Amorphophallus saraburensis 1941Thailand. Amorphophallus schmidtiae 2006 Laos Amorphophallus scutatus 2001 Thailand. Amorphophallus smithsonianus 1989 India Amorphophallus tenuistylis 1994 Cambodia, Thailand Amorphophallus tenuispadix 1994 Thailand Amorphophallus wasa 2022 Myanmar

Image Name Year Distribution Amorphophallus aberrans Hett.1994Thailand Amorphophallus amygdaloides Hett. & Sizemore2001 SW. Thailand Amorphophallus angustispathus Hett.1994 Myanmar Amorphophallus atrorubens Hett. & Sizemore2001 NE. Thailand. Amorphophallus atroviridis Hett.1994 central Thailand Amorphophallus bonaccordensis Sivad. & N. Mohanan1994 Kerala Amorphophallus brevispathus Gagnep.1941 Central ThailandAmorphophallus bulbifer (Schott) Blume1837 Indian Subcontinent to Myanmar Amorphophallus carnosus Engl.1911 S. Andaman Islands Amorphophallus cicatricifer 1994 SW. Thailand Amorphophallus cirrifer 1924 Thailand Amorphophallus coaetaneus 1986 China (Yunnan, Guangxi), Vietnam Amorphophallus croatii 2006 Laos Amorphophallus cruddasianus 1898 Laos, Myanmar, Thailand Amorphophallus dunnii Tutcher1911 SE. China Amorphophallus dzui Hett.2001 Vietnam Amorphophallus elatus 1893 Thailand, Malaysia, Myanmar Amorphophallus gallowayi 2006 Laos Amorphophallus glossophyllus 1994 Vietnam Amorphophallus harmandii Engl. & Gehrm.1911 Indochina Amorphophallus hayi Hett.1994 SE China, northern Vietnam Amorphophallus henryi N. E. Br. (Taiwan amorphophallus)1903 TaiwanAmorphophallus hirtus N. E. Br.1903 Taiwan Amorphophallus interruptus Engl. & Gehrm.1911 northern Vietnam Amorphophallus josefbogneri Hett.2006 SW. Thailand Amorphophallus kiusianus (Makino) Makino1913 SE. China, Japan (Shikoku, S. Kyushu) to Taiwan Amorphophallus konkanensis Hett., S. R. Yadav & K. S. Patil1994 India Amorphophallus lanuginosus Hett.1994 Vietnam Amorphophallus laoticus Hett.2006 Laos Amorphophallus linearis Gagnep. 1941 Thailand Amorphophallus longicomus Hett. & Serebryanyi2001 Vietnam Amorphophallus longiconnectivus Bogner1995 India (Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra) Amorphophallus lunatus Hett. & Sizemore2006 Thailand Amorphophallus macrorhizus Craib1912 Thailand Amorphophallus margaritifer 1837 Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Myanmar Amorphophallus mirabilis K. Z. Hein, Naive, Serebryanyi & Hett.2023 Myanmar Amorphophallus muelleri 1837 Assam, Borneo, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Myanmar, Sumatera, Thailand Amorphophallus mysorensis 1940 India Amorphophallus napiger 1941 Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam Amorphophallus natolii 2012 Philippines Amorphophallus ochroleucus 2001 Vietnam Amorphophallus oncophyllus 1893 Andaman Islands (Coco Islands) Amorphophallus operculatus 2003 Thailand Amorphophallus pilosus 1994 Vietnam Amorphophallus prolificus 2006 Thailand Amorphophallus putii 1941 Myanmar, Thailand Amorphophallus pygmaeus 1994 Thailand Amorphophallus reflexus 2006 Thailand Amorphophallus sakonnakhonensis 2023 Thailand Amorphophallus saururus 2001 Thailand Amorphophallus shyamsalilianum 2017 India Amorphophallus sinuatus 2003 Vietnam Amorphophallus sizemoreae 2001 Thailand. Amorphophallus sylvaticus 1841 India, Sri Lanka Amorphophallus symonianus 2001 Thailand Amorphophallus synandrifer 2001 Vietnam Amorphophallus thaiensis (S. Y. Hu) Hett.2012northern Thailand Amorphophallus tonkinensis Engl. & Gehrm.1911Yunnan, northern Vietnam Amorphophallus tuberculatus 2006 Vietnam Amorphophallus vogelianus 2003 Thailand Amorphophallus xiei 2006 China (W. Yunnan) Amorphophallus yuloensis 1998 China (Yunnan), Myanmar Amorphophallus yunnanensis Engl. (Kerri's giant arum)1911 China, Laos, northern Thailand and Vietnam

Image Name Year Distribution Amorphophallus abyssinicus 1901 southern Ethiopia Amorphophallus andranogidroensis 2006 Madagascar Amorphophallus angolensis 1901 Angola, Cabinda, Gabon, Sudan, Zaïre Amorphophallus ankarana 1999 Madagascar Amorphophallus antsingyensis 1999 Madagascar Amorphophallus aphyllus 1936 Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Guinea, Guinea Bissau, Mali, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Amorphophallus barthlottii 1997 Ivory Coast, Liberia Amorphophallus baumannii 1901 Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Chad, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Amorphophallus bequaertii 1922 Zaïre Amorphophallus calabaricus 1901 Benin, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda, Zaïre Amorphophallus canaliculatus 1997 Gabon Amorphophallus consimilis 1837 Gambia, Senegal Amorphophallus dracontioides 1901 Benin, Burkina, Central African Repu, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo Amorphophallus eichleri 1889 Zaïre Amorphophallus elliottii 1894 Sierra Leone Amorphophallus erythrorrhachis 2014 Madagascar Amorphophallus gallaensis 1901 Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia Amorphophallus gomboczianus 1950 Ethiopia Amorphophallus goetzei 1901 Mozambique, Tanzania, Zaïre Amorphophallus gracilior 1939 Benin, Nigeria Amorphophallus hetterscheidii 1997 Central African Republic, Gabon, Zaïre Amorphophallus hildebrandtii 1911 Madagascar Amorphophallus impressus 1997 Malawi, Tanzania Amorphophallus johnsonii 1901 Benin, Burkina, Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali Amorphophallus lewallei 1993 Burundi Amorphophallus mangelsdorffii 2003 Madagascar. Amorphophallus margretae 1997 Zaïre Amorphophallus maximus 1901 Kenya, Mozambique, Somalia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe Amorphophallus mildbraedii 1924Cameroon Amorphophallus mossambicensis 1901 Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Zaïre, Zimbabwe Amorphophallus mullendersii 1993Angola, Zaïre Amorphophallus perrieri 2014 Madagascar. Amorphophallus preussii 1901 Cameroon Amorphophallus richardsiae 1997 Zambia Amorphophallus staudtii 1901 Cameroon, Congo Amorphophallus stuhlmannii 1911 Kenya, Tanzania, Zaïre Amorphophallus taurostigma 1999 Madagascar Amorphophallus teuszii 1892 Angola, Zaïre Amorphophallus zenkeri 1901 Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Nigeria

Amorphophallus forbesii (Engl.) Engl. & Gehrm. Sumatra
Amorphophallus gliruroides Engl. Myanmar
Amorphophallus incurvatus Alderw. Sumatra
Amorphophallus lyratus (Roxb.) Kunth SE India
Amorphophallus mekongensis Engl. & Gehrm. Indochina
Amorphophallus minor Ridl. Peninsula Malaysia
Amorphophallus paucisectus Alderw. Sumatra
Amorphophallus perakensis Engl. Peninsula Malaysia