Геометриялық топологиядағы тұтқалы денелер

In the mathematical field of geometric topology, a handlebody is a decomposition of a manifold into standard pieces. Handlebodies play an important role in Morse theory, cobordism theory and the surgery theory of high dimensional manifolds. Handles are used to particularly study 3 manifolds. Handlebodies play a similar role in the study of manifolds as simplicial complexes and CW complexes play in homotopy theory, allowing one to analyze a space in terms of individual pieces and their interactions.

A handlebody can be defined as an orientable 3 manifold with boundary containing pairwise disjoint, properly embedded 2 discs such that the manifold resulting from cutting along the discs is a 3 ball. It's instructive to imagine how to reverse this process to get a handlebody. (Sometimes the orientability hypothesis is dropped from this last definition, and one gets a more general kind of handlebody with a non orientable handle.) The genus of a handlebody is the genus of its boundary surface. Up to homeomorphism, there is exactly one handlebody of any non negative integer genus. The importance of handlebodies in 3 manifold theory comes from their connection with Heegaard splittings. The importance of handlebodies in geometric group theory comes from the fact that their fundamental group is free. A 3 dimensional handlebody is sometimes, particularly in older literature, referred to as a cube with handles.

Let G be a connected finite graph embedded in Euclidean space of dimension n. Let V be a closed regular neighborhood of G in the Euclidean space. Then V is an n dimensional handlebody. The graph G is called a spine of V.

Any genus zero handlebody is homeomorphic to the three ball B3. A genus one handlebody is homeomorphic to B2 × S1 (where S1 is the circle) and is called a solid torus. All other handlebodies may be obtained by taking the boundary connected sum of a collection of solid tori.