Радар және басқа да анықтау жүйелерін жаңылыстыруға арналған электрондық құрылғылар

Electronic device for deceiving detection systems

An electronic countermeasure (ECM) is an electrical or electronic device designed to trick or deceive radar, sonar, or other detection systems, like infrared (IR) or lasers. It may be used both offensively and defensively to deny targeting information to an enemy. The system may make many separate targets appear to the enemy, or make the real target appear to disappear or move about randomly. It is used effectively to protect aircraft from guided missiles. Most air forces use ECM to protect their aircraft from attack. It has also been deployed by military ships and recently on some advanced tanks to fool laser/IR guided missiles. It is frequently coupled with stealth advances so that the ECM systems have an easier job. Offensive ECM often takes the form of jamming. Self protecting (defensive) ECM includes using blip enhancement and jamming of missile terminal homers.

The first example of electronic countermeasures being applied in a combat situation took place during the Russo Japanese war. On July 13, 1904, Russian wireless telegraphy stations installed in the Port Arthur fortress and on board Russian light cruisers successfully interrupted wireless communication between a group of Japanese battleships. The spark gap transmitters in the Russian stations generated senseless noise while the Japanese were making attempts to coordinate their efforts in the bombing of a Russian naval base. Germany and United Kingdom interfered with enemy communications along the western front during World War I while the Royal Navy tried to intercept German naval radio transmissions. There were also efforts at sending false radio signals, having shore stations send transmissions using ships' call signs, and jamming enemy radio signals. World War II ECM expanded to include dropping chaff (originally called Window), jamming and spoofing radar and navigation signals. Israeli electronic warfare (EW) systems took over Syria's air defense systems, feeding them a false sky picture while Israel Air Force jets crossed much of Syria, bombed their targets and returned.

Basic radar ECM strategies are (1) radar interference, (2) target modifications, and (3) changing the electrical properties of air. for all around coverage and retain the capability of highly directional jamming. DARPA's Precision Electronic Warfare (PREW) project aims to develop a low cost system capable of synchronizing several simple airborne jamming pods with enough precision to replicate the directionality of an electronically scanned antenna, avoiding collateral jamming of non targeted receivers. An expendable active decoy that uses DRFM technology to jam RF based threats has already been developed by Selex ES (merged into Leonardo new name of Finmeccanica since 2017). The system, named BriteCloud, is self contained within a small canister that is similar to a standard flare cartridge. The 55 mm format of the system has undergone flight trials with the Gripen aircraft and the development of a 218 variant is at an advanced stage.

The ULQ 6 deception transmitter was one of the earlier shipboard ECM installations.