Кіріспе
Құрамындағы Конституциялық қағидалар декларациясы (белгісіздей Оңтүстік манифесті деп аталады) – 1956 жылдың ақпан және наурыз айларында 84-ші АҚШ Конгресі кезінде қоғамдық орындардағы нәсілдік интеграцияға қарсы жазылған құжат. Манифестке 19 АҚШ сенаторы және Оңтүстік АҚШ штаттарынан 82 өкіл қол қойды. Қол қойғандардың арасында Алабама, Арканзас, Джорджия, Луизиана, Миссисипи, Оңтүстік Каролина және Вирджиния штаттарының конгресс делегацияларының барлығы, Флорида және Солтүстік Каролина штаттарының көп бөлігі, сондай-ақ Теннесси және Техас штаттарының бірнеше мүшелері болды. Олардың барлығы бұрынғы Конфедерация штаттарынан шыққан. Мектептерді интеграциялауды талап ететін федералды сот шешімдеріне қарсы «күшті қарсылық» Оңтүстікте бұдан бұрыннан бар еді және Манифесттің нәтижесінде туындамады. Арканзас штатының сенаторы Ж. Уильям Фулбрайт бастапқы қатал нұсқаны жұмсарту үшін жасырын түрде жұмыс істеді. Соңғы нұсқада Браун шешімінің күшін жоюға уәде берілмеді, сондай-ақ сегрегацияны жоюға қарсы заңсыз қарсылықты қолдау көрсетілмеді. Керісінше, бұл басымен мемлекеттердің құқықтарына жасалған шабуыл еді, сот тармағы өз өкілеттігін асырып алды деп айыпталды. Оңтүстік манифесті Жоғарғы сотты «сот билігін анық теріс пайдалануда» деп айыптады және «Конституцияға қайшы келетін осы шешімді кері қайтару және оны іске асыру кезінде күш қолдануды болдырмау үшін барлық заңды шараларды қолдануға» уәде берді. Ол оныншы түзету Жоғарғы соттың мұндай мәселелердегі өкілеттігін шектеуі керек екенін ұсынды. Оппозицияны сенаторлар бастады, Стром Турмонд бастапқы жобаның, ал Ричард Расселл соңғы нұсқаның авторы болды. Бұрынғы Конфедерация штаттарынан үш демократ сенаторы қол қоймады:
Document in opposition to racial integration in public places
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
Теннессиден Ал Гор аға және Эстес Кефаувер,
Техастан Сенаттың көпшілік көшбасшысы Линдон Джонсон.
Document in opposition to racial integration in public places
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
Бұрынғы Конфедерация штаттарынан келесі демократ өкілдері де қол қоймады:
Document in opposition to racial integration in public places
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
Техастан 21 демократтың 16-сы, оның ішінде Палата спикері Сэм Рейберн және болашақ спикер Джим Райт,
Теннессиден 7 демократтың 1-і,
Солтүстік Каролинадан 11 демократтың 3-і,
Флоридадан 7 демократтың 1-і (Данте Фасселл).
Document in opposition to racial integration in public places
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
Сонымен қатар, Делавэр, Мэриленд, Батыс Вирджиния, Кентукки, Миссури және Оклахома штаттарының 12 сенаторы мен 39 АҚШ Өкілдер палатасының мүшесі Манифестке қол қоймады, бұл штаттардың барлығы Браунға қарсы шешім шығар алдында мемлекеттік мектептерінде сегрегацияны сақтаған болатын. Бұл бас тарту оларға қол қойған әріптестерінің уақытша наразылығын тудырды. Бұрынғы Конфедерация штаттарынан жеті республикалық өкіл және үш сенатор болды. Манифестке тек төрт адам қол қойды: Солтүстік Каролинадан Чарльз Джонас, Флоридадан Уильям Крамер, Вирджиниядан Джоэл Бройхилл және Ричард Пофф.
Document in opposition to racial integration in public places
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
Негізгі цитаталар
Жоғарғы соттың мемлекеттік мектептердегі істердегі негізсіз шешімі, адамдар белгіленген заңның орнына тек қана билікті қолданғанда туатын салдарды әкелуде. "Түпнұсқа Конституцияда білім туралы ештеңе айтылмаған. 14-ші түзету де, басқа ешқандай түзетуде де білім туралы сөз жоқ. 14-ші түзетуді ұсыну алдындағы талқылаулар оның штаттар ұстап тұрған білім жүйесіне әсер ету ниеті болмағанын анық көрсетеді". "Соттың Конституцияға қайшы келетін осы негізсіз билік етуі, әсіресе зардап шеккен штаттарда хаос пен шатастық тудырып отыр. Бұл, екі нәсілдің де жақсы адамдарының 90 жылдық қажырлы еңбегімен құрылған ақ және қара нәсілдер арасындағы жақсы қарым-қатынастарды жойды. Бұрынғы достық пен түсіністіктің орнына жеккөрушілік пен күдік сезімін сіңірді".
"The unwarranted decision of the Supreme Court in the public school cases is now bearing the fruit always produced when men substitute naked power for established law." "The original Constitution does not mention education. Neither does the 14th Amendment nor any other amendment. The debates preceding the submission of the 14th Amendment clearly show that there was no intent that it should affect the system of education maintained by the States." "This unwarranted exercise of power by the Court, contrary to the Constitution, is creating chaos and confusion in the States principally affected. It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races that have been created through 90 years of patient effort by the good people of both races. It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding."
Қол қоюшылар мен қол қоймағандар
Көптеген оңтүстік штаттарында қол қою, қол қоймаудан гөрі көп кездесті, оған Алабама, Арканзас, Джорджия, Луизиана, Миссисипи, Оңтүстік Каролина және Вирджиния штаттарының барлық делегациялары кірді. Оңтүстік штаттарынан қол қоюдан бас тартқандар төменде тізілген.
In many southern States, signing was much more common than not signing, with signatories including the entire delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia. Those from southern states who refused to sign are noted below.