Введение
Декларация конституционных принципов (неформально известная как Южный манифест) – документ, написанный в феврале и марте 1956 года во время работы 84-го Конгресса США в знак протеста против расовой интеграции в общественных местах. Манифест был подписан 19 сенаторами США и 82 представителями от южных штатов. Подписавшимися были все конгресс-делегации от Алабамы, Арканзаса, Джорджии, Луизианы, Миссисипи, Южной Каролины и Вирджинии, большинство членов от Флориды и Северной Каролины, а также несколько членов от Теннесси и Техаса. Все они представляли бывшие конфедеративные штаты. "Массивное сопротивление" федеральным судебным приказам, требующим интеграции школ, уже практиковалось на Юге и не было вызвано Манифестом. Сенатор Дж. Уильям Фулбрайт из Арканзаса работал за кулисами, чтобы смягчить первоначальный жесткий проект. Окончательная версия не содержала обещаний отменить решение по делу Браун и не поддерживала внесудебное сопротивление десегрегации. Вместо этого, это была в основном атака на судебную власть со стороны сторонников прав штатов, обвинявших её в превышении полномочий. В Южном манифесте Верховный суд обвинялся в "явном злоупотреблении судебной властью" и обещалось использовать "все законные средства для отмены этого решения, противоречащего Конституции, и предотвращения применения силы при его реализации". В нем предлагалось, чтобы десятая поправка ограничивала полномочия Верховного суда в подобных вопросах. Сенаторы возглавили оппозицию: Стром Турмонд написал первоначальный проект, а Ричард Рассел – окончательную версию. Три сенатора-демократа от бывших конфедеративных штатов не подписали Манифест:
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
Ал Гор-старший и Эстес Кефаувер из Теннесси,
лидер большинства в Сенате Линдон Джонсон из Техаса.
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
Следующие представители Демократической партии от бывших конфедеративных штатов также не подписали Манифест:
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
16 из 21 демократа от Техаса, включая спикера Палаты представителей Сэма Рэйберна и будущего спикера Джима Райта,
1 из 7 демократов от Теннесси,
3 из 11 демократов от Северной Каролины,
1 из 7 демократов от Флориды (Данте Фасселл).
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
Кроме того, ни один из 12 сенаторов США и 39 представителей Палаты представителей США от штатов Делавэр, Мэриленд, Западная Вирджиния, Кентукки, Миссури и Оклахома не подписал Манифест, несмотря на то, что во всех этих штатах до решения по делу Браун против Совета по образованию действовала система сегрегации в школах. Этот отказ вызвал неприязнь их коллег, подписавших Манифест. Среди подписавших были семь республиканских представителей и три сенатора от бывших конфедеративных штатов. Манифест подписали лишь четверо: Чарльз Джонас из Северной Каролины, Уильям Крамер из Флориды, Джоэл Бройхилл и Ричард Пофф из Вирджинии.
The Declaration of Constitutional Principles (known informally as the Southern Manifesto) was a document written in February and March 1956, during the 84th United States Congress, in opposition to racial integration of public places. The manifesto was signed by 19 US Senators and 82 Representatives from the Southern United States. The signatories included the entire congressional delegations from Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Virginia, most of the members from Florida and North Carolina, and several members from Tennessee and Texas. All of them were from the former Confederate states. "Massive resistance" to federal court orders requiring school integration was already being practiced across the South, and was not caused by the Manifesto. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas had worked behind the scenes to tone down the original harsh draft. The final version did not pledge to nullify the Brown decision, nor did it support extralegal resistance to desegregation. Instead, it was mostly a states' rights attack against the judicial branch for overstepping its role. The Southern Manifesto accused the Supreme Court of "clear abuse of judicial power" and promised to use "all lawful means to bring about a reversal of this decision which is contrary to the Constitution and to prevent the use of force in its implementation." It suggested that the Tenth Amendment should limit the reach of the Supreme Court on such issues. Senators led the opposition, with Strom Thurmond writing the initial draft and Richard Russell the final version. Three Democratic Senators from the former Confederate states did not sign:
Al Gore Sr. and Estes Kefauver of Tennessee
Senate Majority Leader Lyndon Johnson of Texas
The following Democratic Representatives from the former Confederate states also did not sign:
16 of 21 Democrats from Texas, including Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn and future Speaker Jim Wright
1 of 7 Democrats from Tennessee
3 of 11 Democrats from North Carolina
1 of 7 Democrats from Florida (Dante Fascell)
Also, none of the 12 U. S. Senators or 39 U. S. House Representatives from the states of Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri, and Oklahoma signed the Manifesto despite all requiring segregation in their public school systems prior to the Brown v. Board decision. This refusal earned them the enmity for a time of their colleagues who signed. There were seven Republican Representatives and three Senators from former Confederate states. Only four signed the Manifesto: Charles Jonas of North Carolina, William Cramer of Florida, Joel Broyhill and Richard Poff of Virginia.
Ключевые цитаты
Необоснованное решение Верховного Суда по делам об общественных школах теперь приносит плоды, которые неизменно возникают, когда люди подменяют установленный закон грубой силой. Оригинальная Конституция не содержит упоминаний об образовании. То же самое относится и к 14-й поправке, и к любой другой поправке. Дискуссии, предшествовавшие представлению 14-й поправки, однозначно демонстрируют отсутствие намерения распространить ее действие на систему образования, поддерживаемую штатами. Это неоправданное проявление власти судом, противоречащее Конституции, порождает хаос и смятение в наиболее пострадавших штатах. Оно разрушает доброжелательные отношения между белыми и афроамериканцами, которые формировались на протяжении 90 лет благодаря терпеливым усилиям добропорядочных людей обеих рас. Оно взрастило ненависть и подозрительность там, где прежде царили дружба и взаимопонимание.
Подписавшие и не подписавшие
Во многих южных штатах подписание было гораздо более распространенным, чем отказ от подписи, и к подписавшим относились все делегации из Алабамы, Арканзаса, Джорджии, Луизианы, Миссисипи, Южной Каролины и Вирджинии. Те, кто из южных штатов отказался подписать, перечислены ниже.