Жоғалған Беотук тілі

Extinct language of Canada

Beothuk (/b//iː/'/ɒ//t//ə//k/ or '/b//eɪ//.//ə//θ//ʊ//k/), also called Beothukan, is an extinct language once spoken by the indigenous Beothuk people of Newfoundland. The Beothuk have been extinct since 1829, and there are few written accounts of their language. Hence, little is known about it, with practically no structural data existing for Beothuk.

Claims of links with the neighbouring Algonquian language family date back at least to Robert Gordon Latham in 1862. From 1968 onwards, John Hewson has put forth evidence of sound correspondences and shared morphology with Proto Algonquian and other better documented Algonquian languages. If this is valid, Beothuk would be an extremely divergent member of the family. Other researchers claimed that proposed similarities are more likely the result of borrowing than cognates. The limited and poor nature of the documentation means there is not enough evidence to draw strong conclusions. Owing to this overall lack of meaningful evidence, Ives Goddard and Lyle Campbell claim that any connections between Beothuk and Algonquian are unknown and likely unknowable.

In 1910, American anthropologist Frank Speck recorded a 74 year old native woman named Santu Toney singing a song purported to be in the language. The recording resurfaced at the very end of the 20th century. Some sources give the year 1929, but the 1910 date is confirmed in Speck's book Beothuk and Micmac (New York 1922, p. 67). The words are hard to hear and not understood. Santu said she had been taught the song by her father, which may be evidence that one person with a Beothuk connection was alive after the death of Shanawdithit in 1829 since Santu Toney was born about 1835). Contemporary researchers have tried to make a transcription of the song and to clean up the recording with modern methods. Native groups have learned the song. James P. Howley, Director of the Geological Survey of Newfoundland, who for more than forty years was interested in the history of the Beothuk, doubted (in 1914) the truthfulness of Santu Toney.

Beothuk is known only from several wordlists from the 18th and the 19th centuries by George C. Pulling (1792), Rev. John Clinch, Rev. John Leigh, and Hercules Robinson (1834). They contain more than 400 words that had been collected from speakers such as Oubee, Demasduit, and Shanawdithit, but there were no examples of connected speech. Wordlists had also been collected by W. E. Cormack (who worked with Shanawdithit), Richard King (whose wordlist had been passed on to Robert Gordon Latham), and James P. Howley (1915) (who worked with Jure, a widow from the islands of the Bay of Exploits). Gloss Beothuk (all lists combined) Latham / King (1850) Cormack (m. s.) Clinch (m. s.) Leigh (m. s.) Robinson (1834) Howley (1915) afraid cockaboset don't be afraid cockaboset don't be afraid alive mamisut; mamseet mamseet mamisut angry assoyt assoyt ankle geijebursut geijebursut arm watheek; shedbasing wathik upper arm; watheekee; memayet arms watheekee watheek; shedbasing wathik upper arm memayet arms arrow ashooging; dogemat ashooging ashooging dogemat asleep, dead widdun widdun awake amet amet baby messiligethook messiligethook back posson; possont posson possont bad mudty; mudeet bad man; maudee, muddy, madich maudee, muddy, madich mudty; mudeet bad man bakeapples abidemashick abidemashick bat sosheet sosheet bead baasick (cf. necklace) baasick (cf. necklace) bear washawet; gwashuwet washawet gwashuwet beast obditch (cf. cat, seal) obditch (cf. cat, seal) beat pugathuse beating; bukashowite pugathuse beating bukashowite beaver maumshet; mamshet maumshet mamshet (go to) bed boochauwhit (cf. sleep, lie down) boochauwhit (cf. sleep, lie down) belly haddabatheek (cf. body) haddabatheek (cf. body) berries manus; bibidigemidic manus bibidigemidic birch paushee birch rind or paper; by yeech birch tree; boyish birch rind by yeech birch tree paushee birch rind or paper boyish birch rind bird deynyad, deynyadrook birds deynyad, deynyadrook birds bird (large) popadish (cf. pigeon) popadish (cf. pigeon) bird (little) obseet; ounermish obseet ounermish birds' excrement sugamith sugamith bite bashoodite bashoodite black maudzyke; mandzey mandzey maudzyke blackbird woodch woodch blankets manaboret; manavorit manaboret manavorit blind kaesing guinyeet kaesing guinyeet blood ashaboouth; arrowbauth; izzobauth or iggobauth ashaboouth arrowbauth izzobauth or iggobauth blow deschudodoick deschudodoick blow the nose shegame; shegamit shegame shegamit blue eeshang eyghth eeshang eyghth blunt boas seek; mocothutt blunt nosed fish boas seek; mocothutt blunt nosed fish boat adolthtek (cf. canoe, ship); adothe boat or vessel adolthtek (cf. canoe, ship) adothe boat or vessel boat (large) dhoorado dhoorado body haddabothy; haddabothic haddabothy haddabothic boil (as water) oadjameet oadjameet boil (transitive) moadamutt moadamutt bone aenameen aenameen bonnet, hat abodoneek; abadungeyk; abodonec abadungeyk abodoneek abodonec bosom bodchmoot; boghmoot (cf. breast) boghmoot (cf. breast) bodchmoot bow hathemay; anyemen anyemen hathemay boy (white) bukashamesh; buggishamish; buggishamesh buggishamesh bukashamesh bukashamesh buggishamish boy (Indian) mossessdeesh; mogazeesh mogazeesh mossessdeesh bread maujebathook; annawhadya annawhadya maujebathook break a stick pugenon pugenon break wind tediddle tediddle breast bemoot (cf. bosom); bogomot bemoot (cf. bosom) bogomot breath gaboweete gaboweete bushes maudeweech maudeweech buttons aegumet; agamet buttons or money aegumet agamet buttons or money candle shapoth; shaboth shapoth shaboth canoe thubathew boat or canoe; dapathook; tapathook dapathook thubathew boat or canoe tapathook cap eeseeboon (cf. bonnet) eeseeboon (cf. bonnet) capelin shamook; shaamoo; shamooth shamook; shaamoo shamooth cat obodish; abidesoot; abideeshook abidesoot abideeshook obodish cat (marten) abidish abidish abidish catching fish eshbauth eshbauth cattle methabeet; nethabete methabeet nethabete cheek weenoun weenoun chin keoun; geoun; goun geoun keoun goun clothes dhingyam; thingyam dhingyam thingyam clouds berroick berroick coal methie; methie dirt methie methie dirt cockle sheedeneesheet sheedeneesheet codfish bobboosoret (cf. fish) bobboosoret (cf. fish) bobboosoret (cf. fish) cold eenodsha; moidewsee eenodsha moidewsee comb edrathin edrathin come touet; deiood touet; deiood come back again nadyed nadyed come hither dyoot thouret; dyoom; thooret dyoom dyoot thouret thooret comet anin anin cream jug nadalahet; motheryet nadalahet motheryet cry mautheauthaw; matheothuc mautheauthaw matheothuc currants shamye shamye shamye cut hadyusum; odishuik or odishuite hadyusum odishuik or odishuite dancing thubwedgie; badiseet thubwedgie badiseet dead gosset; gausep (cf. asleep) gosset; gausep (cf. asleep) deer osweet; cosweet cosweet osweet osweet deer's horns megorum; megorun megorum megorun devil ashmudyim; haoot haoot ashmudyim dirt yew why yew why dog mammasamit; mammasameet mammasameet mammasameet mammasamit dogberries menome menome dogwood, mountain ash emoethook emoethook emoethook drawing knife moheshaudet; moeshwadet moheshaudet moeshwadet drink ebathook; ebathoot (cf. water) ebathook; ebathoot (cf. water) drinking cup shoewan; shoewanyeesh (dim.) shoewan; shoewanyeesh (dim.) dry gasook gasook duck eesheet; boodowit eesheet boodowit ducks and drakes mameshet; howmeshet mameshet howmeshet eagle gobidin gobidin ear mismuth; mootchiman; mooshaman mootchiman mismuth mooshaman eat pugazoa; bocootyone; pokoodsoont; odoit bocootyone; pokoodsoont pugazoa odoit egg deboin; debine deboin debine elbow moocus moocus moocus Eskimo ashwan ashwan eye geegnyan; gwinya geegnyan gwinya eyebrow momeaugh; marmeuck momeaugh marmeuck fall koshet koshet fat eeg eeg fear geswat; cockaboset no fear geswat; cockaboset no fear feather evenau; ewinon; abobidress feathers ewinon evenau abobidress feathers finger onnus forefinger; oddesamick little; awadshibik middle; wyabick ring; hanyees hanyees onnus forefinger; oddesamick little; awadshibik middle; wyabick ring fire koorae; oodrat; boobeeshawt (cf. lightning); woodrat oodrat; boobeeshawt (cf. lightning) koorae woodrat fish poopusrout; baubooshrat (cf. codfish) baubooshrat (cf. codfish) poopusrout fish hook adooch; adothook adooch adothook fishing line disup; edat disup edat flea kessyet kessyet flesh (meat) ashauch ashauch flying miawoth; miaoth miawoth miaoth foot hodwitch; adyouth (cf. leg) adyouth (cf. leg) hodwitch forehead doothun doothun fork papade aden; etheuwit papade aden etheuwit fowl edgedoweshin edgedoweshin fox dogajavick dogajavick fur, animal hair peatha peatha peatha gaping abemite abemite get up amshut; kinup; ganyess amshut ganyess kinup gimlet quadranuck quadranuck quadranuck girl (white) imamuset; emamooset emamooset emamooset imamuset girl (Indian) woaseesh woaseesh give me dayhamin dayhamin (we) give thee a knife wawashemet o owin wawashemet o owin glass hadalahet (cf. cream jug); hadibiet hadalahet (cf. cream jug) hadibiet gloves obsedeek obsedeek obsedeek go away gayzhoot gayzhoot go home baetha baetha go out baeodut; enano baeodut enano good homedick; oomdzech; betheote good night homedick; oomdzech betheote good night goose yewone; odo ezheet (cf. duck); odeusook odo ezheet (cf. duck) yewone odeusook gooseberry jiggamint jiggamint grass shisth shisth grindstone shewthake; aquathoont shewthake aquathoont groaning cheeashit; cheashit cheeashit cheashit gull asson asson asson gun harreen or huz seen; adamadret adamadret harreen or huz seen adamadret gun powder beasothunt beasothunt beasothunt hair donna; drummet; drone oock; dronna drone oock donna dronna drummet halibut, flatfish hanawasutt hanawasutt hammer iwish; mattuis iwish mattuis hand memen hands or fingers; maelmed; memet maelmed memen hands or fingers memet hare odusweet odusweet odusweet (make) haste ishu; eeshoo eeshoo ishu hatchet nowaut; thinyun; dthoonanyen; thingaya thinyun; dthoonanyen nowaut thingaya head keawthaw; geothuk; keauthut, gonothun geothuk keawthaw keauthut, gonothun hear noduera noduera heart bedoret; bogodoret bedoret bogodoret heaven theehone theehone herring washemesh washemesh hiccups mudyraw; madyrut mudyraw madyrut hill kaasook; keoosock kaasook; keoosock hoop woin woin house mae adthike (cf. hut); mammateek mae adthike (cf. hut) mammateek hungry dauoosett dauoosett (not) hurt aoodrach aoodrach husband zathrook (cf. man) zathrook (cf. man) hut meothik (cf. house) meothik (cf. house) ice ozrook; ozeru ozrook ozeru Indian (red) behathook; beothuck; beathook behathook; beothuck beathook Indian cup shucodidimet; shucodidimit shucodidimet shucodidimit iron mauageene; maudshinuk; mowageenite mauageene mowageenite maudshinuk islands mammasheek mammasheek kill whadicheme; bogathoowytch whadicheme; bogathoowytch (not) kill datyuns datyuns kiss sheboth; widumite sheboth widumite knee hodsmishit; hodamishit hodsmishit hodamishit kneeling abusthibe; abusthibit abusthibe abusthibit knife yewoin; iwo in; aewaeen; hewhine; uine aewaeen; hewhine yewoin uine iwo in lamp mondicuet; bobdiduishemet mondicuet bobdiduishemet laugh whoishme; wyeeth whoishme wyeeth lead goosheben goosheben lean, thin, sick ashei ashei leaves madyua; madyna madyua madyna leg cogadealla; aduse (cf. foot) cogadealla aduse (cf. foot) lie pisauwau; bituwait (cf. sleep) pisauwau bituwait (cf. sleep) life mamset (cf. alive) mamset (cf. alive) lightning koorae; barodiisick (cf. fire and thunder) koorae barodiisick (cf. fire and thunder) (I) like adjeedisk adjeedisk lip coosh; ooish coosh ooish lobster odjet odjet odjet long kannabuck kannabuck lord bird, harlequin duck mammadrouit mammadrouit louse cusebee; kusebeet cusebee kusebeet lumpfish aeshemeet aeshemeet mainland gauzewook gauzewook man (white) pushaman; buggishaman; bukashaman buggishaman pushaman bukashaman buggishaman man (Indian) shawdtharut (cf. husband) shawdtharut (cf. husband) Micmac shanung shanung milk madabooch madabooch moccasin moosin; mosen moosin; mosen money beodet beodet moon kuus; keeose, washageuis; kius, washewiush keeose, washageuis kuus kius, washewiush mosquito shema bogosthuc shema bogosthuc mouth mamudthun; mameshook mamudthun mameshook muscle (mussel) owameet owameet nails cush; quish cush quish neck tedesheet (cf. throat) tedesheet (cf. throat) tedesheet (cf. throat) necklace zeek (cf. beads); bethec zeek (cf. beads) bethec needle tuzmus; dosomite (cf. pin) tuzmus dosomite (cf. pin) net giggaremanet giggaremanet giggaremanet night washewch; washew washewch washew nipper bebadrook bebadrook no newin newin nose gheen; geen gheen geen oakum mushabauth mushabauth mushabauth oar poodybeac poodybeac poodybeac ochre odemen; odement odemen odement oil emet emet emet otter edachoom; edru edachoom edru partridge susut; zosoot; zosweet zosoot susut zosweet partridgeberries shaudame shaudame pigeon (sea), (guillemot) bobbodish (cf. bird) bobbodish (cf. bird) bobbodish (cf. bird) bobbodish (cf. bird) pin tusmug; dosomite dosomite tusmug dosomite pitcher, cup, plate manume; manune manume manune pond woodum woodum puffin gwoshuawit gwoshuawit puppies mammasameet (cf. dog) mammasameet (cf. dog) rain pedthae; watshoosooch; badoese; bathuc watshoosooch; badoese pedthae bathuc raspberries gauzadun gauzadun rat gadgemish gadgemish red deedrashow deedrashow river shebon; shebin brook shebon; shebin brook rocks ahune ahune rolling odausot odausot rowing huzzagan; osavate huzzagan osavate run wothamashee; ibadinnam; wothamashet ibadinnam wothamashee wothamashet sails ejabathook ejabathook ejabathook salmon wasemook wasemook wasemook saw dedoweet; deddoweet dedoweet deddoweet salt water massoock massoock scab pigathee pigathee pigathee scallop gowet gowet scalping the head nomushrush keawthaw nomushrush keawthaw scissors oseenyet; osegeeu oseenyet osegeeu scratch bashubet bashubet seal momau; bidesuk; beedzuk; bidesook bidesuk; beedzuk momau bidesook seal sunk aparet a bidesook aparet a bidesook seal skin bag bochmoot seal skin sledge full bochmoot seal skin sledge full see ejew ejew shake hands meman momasthus; kawinjemeesh; meman monasthus kawinjemeesh meman momasthus meman monasthus ship, vessel mamzhing; mamashee (cf. boat) mamashee (cf. boat) mamzhing shoes moosin (cf. mocassin) moosin (cf. mocassin) shoot hodthoo shoot a gun; outhaje arrathunum shoot an arrow perpendicularly; wadshoodet wadshoodet hodthoo shoot a gun; outhaje arrathunum shoot an arrow perpendicularly short yeech yeech shoulder momezabethon; momegemethon momezabethon momegemethon shovel hadowadet; godawick hadowadet godawick silk handkerchief egibiduish egibiduish egibiduish sinew of deer modthamook modthamook singing tuauthaw; awoodet tuauthaw awoodet sit haddosdoding; athep athep haddosdoding athep sleep puthuauth; bootzhawet; aoseedwit I am sleepy (cf. lie, bed); isedoweet bootzhawet; aoseedwit I am sleepy (cf. lie, bed) puthuauth isedoweet sleeve wobesheet wobesheet smell marot marot smoke possthee; basdiek; besdic basdiek possthee besdic snail aeueece aeueece sneezing midyathew; adjith midyathew adjith snipe auojet auojet snow (corrasoob); causabow; kaasussabook causabow; kaasussabook (corrasoob) song mamatrabet (a long?) mamatrabet (a long?) soon jewmetcheen jewmetcheen sore throat anadrick anadrick anadrick sorrow corrasoob (cf. snow) corrasoob (cf. snow) corrasoob (cf. snow) speak carmtack; jeroothack carmtack; jeroothack spear anun; aaduth seal spear; amina deer spear; hannan anun; aaduth seal spear; amina deer spear hannan spider woadthoowin woadthoowin spoon hanamait; adadiminte, andemin adadiminte, andemin hanamait spouse anwoyding anwoyding spruce trawnasoo trawnasoo trawnasoo spruce rind sousot sousot standing kingabie; kingiabit kingabie kingiabit stars so ushzeth; shawwayet; adenishit shawwayet so ushzeth adenishit stinking seal mattik bidesook mattik bidesook mattik bidesook stockings gassek; gasset gassek gasset stones ougen; oun (cf. rocks) oun (cf. rocks) ougen stooping hedy yan hedy yan hedy yan sugar shedothoon shedothoon sun, moon dewis; keeose; keuse; magaragueis sun; washageuis moon; kius; maugerooius sun; washewiush moon keeose; keuse; magaragueis sun; washageuis moon dewis kius; maugerooius sun; washewiush moon swimming tuwedgie; thoowidgee (cf. dancing) tuwedgie thoowidgee (cf. dancing) sword bidisoni bidisoni bidisoni tea butterweye (but probably garbled) butterweye (but probably garbled) teeth outhermay; botomet outhermayet outhermay botomet outhermayet thank you thine thine thigh ipeween; ipweena ipeween ipweena thread meroopish; meroobish (cf. twine) meroopish meroobish (cf. twine) throat tedesheet (cf. neck) tedesheet (cf. neck) throw a trap shaubabuneshaw shaubabuneshaw throw pugatho; pugathoite pugatho pugathoite thumb pooith; buit; boad; pooeth boad pooith pooeth buit thunder petothorish; barodiisick (cf. lightning) petothorish barodiisick (cf. lightning) ticklace (kittiwake) gotheyet gotheyet gotheyet tickle (gut, sound, strait) kaduishuite kaduishuite tinker (razorbill) oothook oothook tobacco nechwa nechwa tomorrow maduck maduck tongue memaza; mamadthuk (cf. mouth); memasuck mamadthuk (cf. mouth) memaza memasuck trap tibethun; lathun; shebathoont lathun tibethun shebathoont tree, woods annooee annooee trousers mowead mowead mowead trout dottomeish dottomeish dottomeish turr (murre) geonet geonet geonet twine meroopish; madobeesh madobeesh meroopish walk woothyan; baysot (cf. run); woothyat woothyan woothyat baysot (cf. run) walking stick cheething cheething warm obosheen warming yourself; boobasha boobasha obosheen warming yourself obosheen warming yourself watch dewis; keeose (cf. sun, moon); kius dewis; keeose (cf. sun, moon) kius water ebauthoo; ebadoe; zebathoong water (drink) ebadoe; zebathoong water (drink) ebauthoo ebauthoo water bucket guinyabutt (with vertical or sloping sides); sunong guinyabutt (large at bottom, small at top) guinyabutt (with vertical or sloping sides); sunong guinyabutt (large at bottom, small at top) wet wabee (confusion with white) wabee (confusion with white) whale's tail owasposhno un owasposhno un where do you go becket becket white wobee wobee whortle berries mamoose (cf. berries) mamoose (cf. berries) wife oosuck oosuck wife (white) adizabad zea adizabad zea wind tisewthun; gidgeathuc tisewthun gidgeathuc wood adiab adiab adiab woodpecker sheebuint; shebohoweet shebohoweet sheebuint shebohoweet wolf moisamadrook moisamadrook woman imamus; emamoose; woass sut red Indian woman emamoose; woass sut red Indian woman emamoose imamus yawning tibeath; jibeath tibeath jibeath yes ethath; yeathun ethath; yeathun

The prehistoric cnidarian animal Haootia takes its name from the Beothuk word for "demon".