1996 жылғы Атлант және Тынық мұхиттарындағы «Сезар–Дуглас» дауілі

Category 4 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane in 1996

Hurricane Cesar–Douglas was one of the few tropical cyclones to survive the crossover from the Atlantic to east Pacific basin, and was the last to receive a new storm name upon doing so. Hurricane Cesar was the third named storm and second hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. The system formed in the southern Caribbean Sea and affected several countries in South America before crossing Nicaragua and entering the Eastern Pacific where it was renamed Hurricane Douglas, the fourth named storm, third hurricane, and first and strongest major hurricane of the 1996 Pacific hurricane season. The storm killed 113 people in Central and South America and left 29 others missing, mainly due to flooding and mudslides.

The origins of Hurricane Cesar were from a tropical wave and an elongated area of low pressure that emerged into the Atlantic from the west coast of Africa on July 17. For several days, the wave moved westward without any organization, although an anticyclone aloft provided conditions favorable for development. On July 22, convection, or thunderstorms, increased along the wave as it approached the southern Windward Islands. Surface pressure steadily dropped as the system moved through the Lesser Antilles, and a circulation began developing near Trinidad and Tobago. Based on surface and satellite data, it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Three at 18:00 UTC on July 24 near Isla Margarita, off the north coast of Venezuela. With an unusually strong high pressure area located over The Bahamas, the tropical depression moved westward through the southern Caribbean near the northern coast of South America. Around 1200 UTC on July 25, it struck the island of Curaçao, which reported sustained winds of The observation indicated the depression attained tropical storm status, In addition, following the dissipation of Cesar–Douglas there was a policy change which determined that future storms would retain their original name upon crossing into another basin. Upon reaching the Pacific, the system was renamed Tropical Depression Seven E, Shortly thereafter, Douglas attained hurricane status about 115 mile (185 km) southwest of the Guatemala/Mexico border. Hurricane Douglas ultimately took the latter track. The next day, its structure became atypical of a strengthening hurricane, and the eye was briefly not seen on satellite imagery. On July 31, Douglas became much better organized as it turned more west northwestward, and it attained major hurricane status, or a Category 3 on the Saffir–Simpson scale, about 205 mile (330 km) southwest of Manzanillo. By early on August 1, Douglas reached peak winds of , equivalent to a low end Category 4. Later that day, the hurricane attained its lowest pressure of 946 mbar, about 275 mile (443 km) south of the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula. Douglas maintained peak intensity for 36 hours, Weakening continued due to cooler waters as Douglas turned to the west, and on August 3 the hurricane deteriorated to tropical storm status. On August 5, Douglas weakened to tropical depression status, and by the next day could no longer be classified as a tropical cyclone. The remnant circulation continued westward for several days. On July 29, shortly after Cesar emerged into the Pacific Ocean and was reclassified Tropical Depression Seven E, the government of Mexico issued a tropical storm watch from Puerto Madero to Acapulco. About 12 hours later, after the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Douglas, the Mexican government canceled the watch and issued a new tropical storm warning from Salina Cruz to Acapulco; this was due to the large extent of tropical storm force winds associated with Douglas and its proximity to the south coast of Mexico. Another tropical storm watch was briefly issued on July 30 from Acapulco to Manzanillo.

+ Impact by Country Country Deaths Missing Damage Sources Colombia 14 0 $440,000 Curaçao 1 0 Unknown El Salvador 12 0 $10,000 Guatemala 0 0 $500,000 Venezuela 3 0 Unknown Total 113 29 $202.96 million
Hurricane Cesar was a moisture laden tropical cyclone that dropped heavy rains along its path through the southern Caribbean Sea and Central America. Damage was moderate to extreme due to mudslides and flooding, and at least 113 people were killed.

The precursor tropical wave to Cesar produced rains and gusty winds through a large portion of the Lesser Antilles. In Venezuela, heavy rains from the storm triggered flooding and landslides that killed at least five people. Although the storm passed directly over the region, the ABC islands off the coast of Colombia and Venezuela received little rainfall, peaking at on Curaçao. Peak gusts were also measured at on the island. As a tropical storm, Cesar struck the northern coastline of Colombia, bringing heavy rains and gusty winds. At least three people were killed in storm related incidents, Cesar brought torrential rains to the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina offshore eastern Nicaragua. Eleven people were killed across the archipelago, including eight children who died in a landslide. The storm wrought extensive damage throughout the country, leaving roughly $50.5 million in damage behind. Large portions of the country's crops were affected, resulting in a food shortage following the hurricane. According to Nicaraguan officials, more than 2,500 homes, 39 bridges and of road were destroyed by Cesar. In all, the storm killed 42 people and left an estimated 100,000 homeless.

Like Nicaragua, Costa Rica received heavy rainfall from Cesar, leading to mudslides and widespread flooding. River flooding damaged 51 houses and washed away 213 more; 72 bridges were also destroyed. The road network was significantly damaged. Costa Rica requested international aid subsequent to the storm. Across the country, at least 39 people were killed and damage amounted to $151 million. Additionally, 29 people were listed as missing.

The name Cesar was retired in spring of 1997, and will not be used again in the Atlantic basin. It was replaced with Cristobal in the 2002 season. As the system had little impact on land while named Douglas, that name was not retired from the Eastern Pacific rotating name lists, and so was used again.