Кең ауқымды "Буря" кемеге қарсы зымыран жүйесі

Soviet anti ship missile

The Kh 22 "Storm" (Х 22 "Буря", NATO reporting name AS 4 'Kitchen') is a large, long range anti ship missile developed by MKB Raduga in the Soviet Union. It was designed for use against aircraft carriers and carrier battle groups, with either a conventional or nuclear warhead. Kh 32 is an updated conventional variant of the Kh 22 and was accepted to service in 2016; it features an improved rocket motor and a new seeker head.

After analyzing World War II naval battles and encounters in the late 1940s and early 1950s, Soviet military thinkers concluded that the era of large seaborne battles was over, and that stand off attacks would be the way to neutralize and incapacitate large battle groups without having to field a similar force against them. Substituting cruise missiles for air attacks, Soviet Air Forces and Soviet Naval Aviation commanders set about converting their heavy bombers to raketonosets, or missile carriers, which could be launched against approaching enemy fleets from coastal or island airfields. The Kh 22 (Complex 22) weapon was developed by the Raduga design bureau and used to arm the Tupolev Tu 22M.

The Kh 22 uses a Tumansky liquid fuel rocket engine, fueled with TG 02 (Tonka 250) and IRFNA (inhibited red fuming nitric acid), giving it a maximum speed of Mach 4.6 and a range of up to It can be launched in either high altitude or low altitude mode. In high altitude mode, it climbs to an altitude of and makes a high speed dive into the target, with a terminal speed of about Mach 4.6. In low altitude mode, it climbs to and makes a shallow dive at about Mach 3.5. The missile is guided by a gyroscope stabilized autopilot in conjunction with a radio altimeter. Soviet tests revealed that when a shaped charge warhead weighing was used in the missile, the resulting hole measured in diameter, in area, and was deep. By August 2016, Russia was finalizing the trials of the Kh 32 cruise missile, a derivative of the Kh 22. Designed for use by the Tu 22M3 bomber, the missile is designed to climb to to the stratosphere after launch, transition to level flight, then perform a steep dive to the target. The cruise missile version is also designed to target enemy ships, as well as radars, and "radio contrast targets" like bridges, military bases, electric power plants, and others. The Kh 32 has an inertial navigation system and radar homing head, making it independent of GPS/GLONASS navigation satellites. Presumably, it has a range of and a speed of at least Apparently the missile entered service in the same year. Thirty two Kh 22 missiles will be modernized to the Kh 32 level in 2018–2020.

The first combat ready missiles entered service in 1962.

The missiles were used by Soviet and then Russian Air Forces on the Тu 22K ('Blinder B') and Tu 95K22 ('Bear G') strategic bombers in patrol mission. later, the main launch platform is currently the Tupolev Tu 22M3 ('Backfire') long range strategic bomber.

The first combat use of the missile was reported during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 11 May 2022, a video emerged on internet showing a Russian Air Force Tu 22M3 strategic bomber launching a pair of two Kh 22 or Kh 32 missiles at targets somewhere in Ukraine. The UK Ministry of Defence stated that Russia is possibly using anti ship missiles, like the Kh 22, against ground targets and claimed that such missiles "are highly inaccurate and therefore can cause severe collateral damage and casualties". On 9 May 2022, 13 Kh 22 missiles were reportedly fired by the Russian Air Force: seven at Fontanka, a coastal village about north of Odesa, where at least one smashed into the Riviera shopping mall around 10:35 PM (after curfew), killing one, and six at targets in the Donetsk Oblast. Between 12 May and 25 June 2022, at least 10 other Russian Kh 22 strikes in Ukraine, involving at least 44 missiles in total, were reported in the media. On 14 September 2022, it was reported at least seven Kh 22 missiles were launched by Russia at various hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih, including a nearby dam. This caused the water level of the Inhulets river to increase by , or even Previously, the Inhulets was too shallow, allowing the Ukrainian army to build pontoon bridges during its southern counteroffensive. However, Ukrainian MoD claimed that Kh 101 missiles were used in the strike. On 14 January 2023, a Russian missile strike, possibly using a Kh 22, demolished a 9 story apartment building in Dnipro and started a large fire. At least 44 civilians were killed and 73 were wounded in the attack. On 8 May 2023, Ukrainian Air Force spokesman Colonel Yurii Ihnat said that "seven aircraft and up to eight launches of Kh 22 cruise missiles" at Odesa Oblast. Many of the missiles are believed to have self destructed due to their age. Only one is believed to have hit a food storage warehouse in Odesa. The missiles were fired from Tu 22 bombers. Three nights of attacks on Odesa, 17–20 July, had been successful due to the then less advanced systems protecting the city compared to those in Kyiv. Out of nineteen cruise missiles fired, Ukraine only intercepted five on 20 July. The Kh 22 missiles cannot be shot down due to their speed. Yurii Ihnat, spokesman for the Ukrainian Air Force, said that “What could be shot down is being shot down,” They required either Patriot missiles or SAMP T to protect the region from missiles like Kh 22. During the 29 December 2023 Russian strikes on Ukraine and other attacks, eight X 22/Kh 22s have been fired at Ukraine by Russian forces. None have been shot down by Ukrainian forces. Although it is suggested that Russia has been targeting areas where there are no Patriot missile batteries, of which Ukraine has three, or one SAMP/T. On 19 April 2024, Ukraine claimed to have shot down two Kh 22/32s for the first time during the war. Pictures were later released showing the Kh 32 was manufactured in 2023.

Two initial versions were built, the Kh 22 with a large conventional warhead and the Kh 22N with a 350–1000 kiloton nuclear warhead. In the mid 1970s, this was supplemented by the Kh 22P, an anti radiation missile for the destruction of radar installations. In the 1970s, the Kh 22 was upgraded to Kh 22M and Kh 22MA standard, with new attack profiles, somewhat longer range, and a datalink allowing mid course updates. Kh 22M/MA — upgraded variants with Mach 3.3 speed and range. Weighs , contains of RDX. Kh 32 — an updated conventional variant of Kh 22 with Mach 5 speed and range. Warhead weight has been reduced to to improve range.