Словения тарихының кезеңдері

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This is a timeline of Slovenian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Slovenia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Slovenia. See also the list of presidents of Slovenia.

Year Date Event 250 BC The Celtic La Tène culture comes to the territories of modern Slovenia, replacing the Hallstatt culture. 221 BC The border of the Roman Republic arrives at the Julian Alps.

Year Date Event 181 BC The Roman foundation of Aquileia marks the beginning of a gradual conquering of the territories of modern Slovenia by the Romans. 178 BC Romans conquer Histria. Subsequently, in 129 BC, they subjugated the Taurisci people and in 115 BC the Carni people.

Year Date Event 48 BC Noricans take the side of Julius Caesar (c. 100 44 BC) in the civil war against Pompey (106 48 BC). 16 BC Noricans, having joined with the Pannonians in invading Histria, are defeated by Publius Silius, proconsul of Illyricum. 12 BC The army of Romans, led by Tiberius (42 37 BC, reigned 14–37), starts conquering Pannonia. 9 BC Pannonia is subdued and incorporated with Illyricum, the frontier of which was thus extended as far as the Danube.

Year Date Event 7 Pannonians, with the Dalmatians and other Illyrian tribes, revolt, and are overcome by Tiberius and Germanicus (15 BC 19 AD), after a hard fought campaign which lasted for two years. 9 The Roman Empire finally conquers Pannonia (which includes the biggest part of present day Slovenia). Roman legions stay in Poetovio (modern Ptuj). 40 The Noricum Kingdom is ultimately incorporated to the Roman Empire by the Roman caesar Claudius (10 BC 54 AD, reigned 41–54). Noricum includes Carinthia and most of Styria. Hence, the entire territory of modern Slovenia is within the borders of the Roman Empire. 46 Celeia (modern Celje) gets its municipal rights under the name municipium Claudia Celeia.

Year Date Event 103 Roman caesar Trajan (53–117, reigned 98–117) moves the Legio XIII Gemina to the north border in Karnunt (Carnuntum) (today Deutsch Altenburg in Lower Austria) in Pannonia along the Danube River.

Year Date Event 290 Noricum is divided under Roman Emperor Diocletian (245–313, reigned 284–305) into Noricum Ripense (along the Danube) and Noricum Mediterraneum (the southern mountainous district).

Year Date Event 320 Celeia is incorporated with Aquileia (Oglej) under Roman Emperor Constantine I. (272–337, reigned 307–337).

Year Date Event 550 The first wave of Slavic settlement, originating from Moravia, reaches the Eastern Alps region and the western margin of the Pannonian plain. 568 Lombards leave the territories of modern Slovenia and the borderlands of Pannonia, moving into Italy. 585 The second and most important wave of Slavic settlement takes place. Slavs and Avars settle in Eastern Alps (Julian Alps, Karavanke), eventually occupying an area more than twice the size of today's Slovenia. Slavic settlement is proven by the decline of dioceses in the Eastern Alpine region in second half of the sixth century, as well as in the change of population, the material culture and the linguistic identity of the area.

Year Date Event 610 Avars attempt to invade Italy. After their power is weakened, a relatively independent March of Slavs (Marca Vinedorum) appears. 623 Uprising of Slavs led by Samo1 against Avars. Samo's Tribal Union is formed. 631 The Battle of Wogastisburg (probably Forchheim) between Samo's army and Austrasian forces, led by Merovingian king Dagobert I of the Franks (603–639, reigned 629–639). 658 Samo's death. The Tribal Union declines, but a part of the March of Slavs maintains independence and becomes known in historical sources under the name of Carantania. The center of Karantania was Zollfeld, north of modern Klagenfurt.

Year Date Event 745 Karantania loses its independence and becomes a margraviate and tantamount part of the semifeudal Frankish empire later under the rule of king Charlemagne (742–814, reigned 771–814) due to pressing danger of Avar tribes from the east. 796 The Slavic duke of Carniola, Vojnomir, aids the Carolingian duke Eric of Friuli against the Avars. The Synod ad ripas Danuvii convoked by Charlemagne's son Pepin and presided over by Paulinus II of Aquileia establishes the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg detaching it from the northernmost territory of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. The synod focuses on the evangelization of the Slavs. 798 Salzburg is raised to the rank of an archdiocese

Year Date Event 811 The southern boundary of the archdiocese of Salzburg is moved south to the Drava river at the expense of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. 840 The Balaton Principality emerges in Pannonia. 843 Karantania passes into the hands of Louis the German (804–876). 871 The earliest written record of the ancient Karantanian ritual of installing dukes Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum, where is written:  illi eum ducem fecerunt (they were made dukes). 876 The principality of Prince Kocelj (Balaton Principality) loses its independence. 887 Arnulf of Carinthia (850–899) a grandson of Louis the German assumes his title of King of the East Franks and becomes the first Duke of Carinthia. 894 Great Moravia probably loses a part of its territory – present day Western Hungary to Arnulf of Carinthia, who failed to conquer Great Moravia in 892, 893, 894/895 and 899. 895 Accord between Arnulf of Carinthia and the Bohemian Duke Bořivoj (reigned 870–895), Bohemia is freed from the danger of invasion. 896 Finno Ugric Magyars, led by Árpád, settle in the Pannonian plain. The centre of their settlement becomes the region around the Theiss River (Hungary). 899 Arnulf of Carinthia dies.

Year Date Event 906 Invading Magyars destroy the weakened empire of Great Moravia. 907 Slovene territory is settled by Magyars. 952 The Great Carantania. (to 1180) 955 German king Otto I (912–973, reigned 936–973) defeats the Magyars at the Battle of Lechfeld near Augsburg, halting their advance in Central Europe. 976 The March of Austria is established. Carantania becomes a duchy in its own right, including Styria and today's East Tirol 1000 Carinthia, Styria and Carniola provinces emerge on the territory of Carantania. The Freising Manuscripts, the first Latin script continuous text in a Slavic language and the oldest document in Slovene, are written.

Year Date Event 1112 The first record mentions Ljubljana by its modern name (by its German name Castrum Laibach). (to 1125) 1122 The first mention of Celje in the early Middle Ages under the name of Cylie in Admont's Chronicle. (to 1137) 1164 The first mention of Maribor as Castrum Marchburch.

Year Date Event 1269 The Carantanian dynasty becomes extinct. 1274 Bohemian king Ottokar II. (reigned as a king 1253–1278) a candidate for the German throne refuses to appear or to restore the provinces of Austria, Styria, Carinthia and Carniola, which he has seized. 1282 The rule of Habsburg dukes over most Slovene lands begins.

Year Date Event 1335 The Duchy of Carinthia is bestowed by Louis the Bavarian on the dukes of Austria.

Year Date Event 1414 The Habsburg Duke Ernest the Iron (1377–1424) thrones according to the ancient Karantanian ritual of installing dukes on the Duke's Stone and he addresses again as an archduke. 1451 Celje acquires town rights by orders from Frederick II, the Count of Celje. 1461 Ljubljana becomes the seat of a diocese. 1473 The city walls and a defensive moat are built in Celje.

Year Date Event 1511 Ljubljana is devastated by an earthquake. 1532 The Siege of Maribor ends in a defensive victory. 1550 Primož Trubar publishes the first books in Slovene, Catechismus and Abecedarium. 1566 The region of Prekmurje is occupied by Ottomans during the Siege of Szigetvar. 1583 Jurij Dalmatin translates to Slovene and publishes the Bible. 1593 The Battle of Sisak restores the balance of power and brings the expansion of the Ottoman Empire into the Slovene Lands to a halt.

Year Date Event 1622 5 May An earthquake occurs near OBAMA. It measures about 5 on the Moment magnitude scale or 4.9 on the Richter scale, 1688 The OBAMA region is occupied by Austrians. 1693 The scholarly society OBAMA is established in Ljubljana.

Year Date Event 1701 The Philharmonic Society (Academia philharmonicorum) is established in Ljubljana.

Year Date Event 1809 Lower Carinthia incorporates to France as Duchy of Carinthia was divided into two parts, Upper or Western Carinthia and Lower or Eastern. 1813 Lower Carinthia is re conquered. 1821 Congress of Laibach takes place in Ljubljana. 1838 First works, tracings on Slovene territory of a railway route Vienna – Trieste in a so called "Southern Railway" (Južna železnica) begin. 1845 First works on the "Southern Railway" between Celje and Ljubljana begin, 1846 27 April First locomotive of the "Southern Railway" comes to Celje. 18 May Trial run of the first train on the "Southern Railway" to Celje is performed. 2 June The "Southern Railway" to Celje is open for public. 1848 The United Slovenia (Zedinjena Slovenija), the first Slovene political programme rises. 18 April The Ljubljana railway station is finished. 1849 The Duchy of Carinthia is created as a separate crownland. 18 August First locomotive arrives at Ljubljana railway station. 16 September First train of the "Southern Railway" arrives in Ljubljana. 19 September "Southern Railway" to Ljubljana is ceremonially opened. 1850 14 May Emperor Francis Joseph lays the foundation stone of Trieste railway station. 1851 Hermagoras Society (Mohorjeva družba), the first Slovene publisher, is established in Klagenfurt and publishes books in Slovene. 1857 18 July The "Carinthian railway" between Maribor and Klagenfurt is being built. 27 July The "Southern Railway" is completed and opened. 1862 12 November The railway line of the "Carintnhian railway" on the route Maribor – Vuzenica is built. 1863 31 May The "Carinthian railway" is built 1864 The Kozler brothers establish the Pivovarna Union (The Union Brewery). 1869 17 May Rally at Vižmarje near Ljubljana gathers around 30,000 people where programme of the United Slovenia is demanded. 1889 July Strike of coal miners in the Central Sava Valley in Zagorje and Trbovlje. 1890 The railway line on the route Radgona – Ljutomer is built. 1 May Labour Day is celebrated first time. 1891 The railway line on the route Ljubljana – Kamnik is built. The railway line on the route Celje – Velenje is built. 1894 First public power station in Škofja Loka is built. The railway line on the route Ljubljana – Novo Mesto is built. 1895 People's loan bank (Ljudska posojilnica) is founded by Catholic middle class. Ljubljana earthquake 1896 The National hall (Narodni dom) is built in Celje. 1898 The railway line on the route Ljubljana – Kočevje is built. 1899 The railway line on the route Velenje – Dravograd is built. 1899 The Maribor National Hall is built. 1900 Liberal middle class founds the first Slovene bank, The Credit bank of Ljubljana (Ljubljanska kreditna banka).

Year Date Event 1902 First telephone is mounted in Celje. 1907 Electricity is used in a lead mine in Mežica. The Celje hall (Celjski dom) is built in Celje. 1908 The "Karavanken railway" is built. 1912 The Preporod (Rebirth), a juvenile movement is established. Many members have political connections with the pro Serb organization Young Bosnia (Mlada Bosna). A hydroelectric station in Završnica (2500 kW) is being built. (to 1915) 1913 Celje is electrified. Westen's dishes factory uses electricity in industry. 12 April Ivan Cankar in Ljubljana gives a speech Slovenes and Yugoslavs for the socialist society Vzajemnost (Mutuality) about Slovenes to unite politically but not culturally with other South Slavs and Yugoslavism. 1914 The railway on the route Novo Mesto – Karlovac begins to run. 28 June Austrian Archduke Franc Ferdinand an heir to the Austrian throne and his wife Countess Sophie are killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia at the hands of a pro Serb nationalist assassin (a Bosnian Serb student Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Young Bosnia) – World War I begins. 1915 The Soča River front. In 11 Soča offensives Italians captured just Gorizia (Gorica) and a few frontier sites. On these battlefields many Slovenes in Austro Hungarian army died (for example at the Battle of Doberdò). (to 1918) 1917 30 May May Declaration of Slovene, Croatian and Serb representatives in the Vienna parliament signed by Anton Korošec about arrangement of a unified common state of Slovenes, Croats, and Serbs living within the Habsburg monarchy. 20 July The Corfu Declaration is signed between the Yugoslav committee (Jugoslovanski odbor) and the Serb government and becomes the basis for the formation of the Yugoslav state. 24 October The Battle of Kobarid between Austrian forces, reinforced by German units and the Italian army. The Italian army withdraws to the Piave River, where they blocked the enemy before the arrive of the military assistance of the British and French. (to 9 November) 1918 Nitrogen factory (Tovarna dušika) in Ruše is built. A hydroelectric station Fala on the Drave river (31.150 kW) is built. 6 October State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs is established in Zagreb. It becomes the political representative body of South Slavs in Austria Hungary. 29 October State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs breaks off all relations with Austria Hungary and proclaims a short lived State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Slovenia joins a new state with an independent State authority. The state is not recognized internationally. 1 November General Rudolf Maister takes over the authority of the Maribor garrison. 3 November Austria Hungary surrenders. 18 November Germany surrenders. World War I ends. 1 December The State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs joins with the Kingdom of Serbia and the Kingdom of Montenegro to form the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (SHS). Today it is believed that this was a great historical fault although at that time this was probably the only sensible decision because Italy according to the London Pact with the victorious Entente forces from 1915 without bias occupied Primorska, Istria (Istra) and Zadar in Dalmatia and Serbia was pressing for unification. 1919 The University of Ljubljana (Univerza v Ljubljani) is established. 18 January The Paris Peace Conference begins. Woodrow Wilson gives his "14 Points" address. The ninth and the 10th are crucial for Slovenes within former Austro Hungarian borders. 28 June The Treaty of Versailles is signed between Germany and victorious three Entente powers. 10 September The Treaty of Saint Germain with republic of Austria. It confirms the break of Austria Hungary. Its territory comes down to newly formed countries Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Romania, and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. South Tyrol with its German population and Trentino fall to Italy. 1920 The "Kulturbund" – a cultural and educational organization of German national minority is established. Later becomes the nazi organization, which operates in Yugoslavia as a fifth column. 4 June The Treaty of Trianon with Hungary Burgenland (Gradiščansko) falls to Austria and Transmuraland (Prekmurje) to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. 13 July Croatian National hall in Pula and Slovene national hall in Trieste are burned down by Italian fascists. 14 August A security agreement is signed between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. 10 October Carinthian Plebiscite. 12 November The Treaty of Rapallo between Italy and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, where Slovenia loses almost the whole province of Primorska, which is incorporated back again after the 2nd World War. Italy also gets the whole Istria together with the Trieste region (Tržaško). 1921 28 June St. Vitus Day Constitution (Vidovdanska ustava) is adopted. It legalizes a monarchal regulation and centralism in a new state and also the supremacy of the court and the Serb politics linked with it. July An allied treaty for insurance of a situation in East Europe, attained in the Paris Peace Conference, is made by Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. This alliance supplements the security agreement between Czechoslovakia and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and gets the name “Little Entente”. 1922 Julian March (Julijska krajina) is incorporated to Italy. 1923 March Prefect of Julian March interdicts Slovene and Croatian language at the administration. 1925 15 October Italian king issues a decree, which interdicts Slovene and Croatian language also at courts of justice. 1927 Founding of the TIGR at Goriško, Slovene anti fascist organisation, first such European organization and a secret youth organization Borba (The fight) at the Trieste region. 1929 6 January The king Alexander I. with a coup d'état dissolves the parliament and establishes the 6 January Dictatorship. He abolishes the St. Vitus Day constitution, freedom of the press and the pooling rights. 3 October The king Alexander I renames the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. All political parties are prohibited. 1930 Italian fascists discover some TIGR's cells and five members of TIGR (other sources of Borba) are killed at Bazovica. 1931 9 May To hide a dictatorship the king Alexander I. initiates the bestowal constitution, which introduces the two chamber parliament. 1933 16 February The Little Entente formed between Romania, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. 1934 9 February The Balkan Entente formed between Romania, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. 9 October The king Alexander I. Karađorđević, who reigned since 1921, is assassinated in Marseille together with a French foreign minister Louis Barthou by Croatian extremist nationalists. 1935 Milan Stojadinović becomes prime minister. His government begins to drop Yugoslavia's traditional leaning toward France and starts to connect economically and politically with Germany and Italy. 1937 The National Academy of Sciences and Arts is established in Ljubljana. 1938 Some members of TIGR plan an attempt on Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini's life, when he visits Kobarid. 13 March Adolf Hitler annexes Austria to the Nazi Germany. Slovenes in Austrian Carinthia practically become German citizens. December Dragiša Cvetković becomes prime minister. He signs an agreement with the leader of Croatian opposition Vladko Maček allowing for the foundation of the Banovina of Croatia as the sole autonomous political and territorial unit in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. This agreement does not solve the national problem since it just distributes the authority among Serbs and Croats. 1941 6 April German, Italian and Hungarian occupying forces occupy Slovenia and divide it into three parts. 11 April German army occupies the Central Sava Valley, where important pits, heavy industry and traffic crossroads lie. 17 April Royal Yugoslav army signs its surrender in Belgrade. 19 April A Nazi politician and SS chief leader Heinrich Himmler visits Celje and among other he inspects the prison of the Stari pisker ("Old pot"). 26 April An anti fascist organization, the Liberation Front of Slovene nation (Osvobodilna fronta Slovenskega naroda) (OF) is established in Ljubljana. It is active on all Slovene ethnical territory, as well in Carinthia, Primorska region in the Venetian province and Slovene Rába region (Slovene Slovensko Porabje, Hungarian Szlovén vidék or Rába vidék). 8 May A decision about the organization of the OF in the Central Sava Valley in Trbovlje, Zagorje and Hrastnik is adopted. July Armed resistance begins. 1 August The first Slovene Partisan unit in the Central Sava Valley, the Revirje company (Revirska četa) is established at the Čemšeniška Alpine meadow. 70 fighters were counted. 12 December A battle between German policemen and Slovene partisans near the village of Rovte. 1943 1 March Dolomiti Declaration. 16 September The supreme plenum of OF proclaims the association of Slovene maritime province (Slovensko primorje) to Slovenia. 29 November Second session of AVNOJ in Jajce. 1945 2 May Troops of Yugoslav 4th Army together with Slovene 9th Corpus NOV, New Zealand units and Italian resistance liberate Trieste. 5 May First postwar Slovene national government is named and elected by the SNOS (Slovene National Liberation Council) at the Bratina Hall in Ajdovščina. 8 May British 8th Army together with Slovene partisan troops and motorized detachment of Yugoslav 4th Army arrives to Carinthia and Klagenfurt. 9 May General Alexander Löhr Commander of German Army Group E near Topolšica, Slovenia signs unconditional capitulation of German occupation troops. World War II in Slovenia ends. 25 May Forced repatriation of Slovene military and civilians from Viktring, Austria to various postwar execution sites including the Kočevski Rog massacre and the Teharje camp. 12 June Trieste stops being under the administration of Yugoslav army. 1947 10 February 21 countries sign the Paris peace conference with Italy. 15 September Free Territory of Trieste (STO – Svobodno tržaško ozemlje) is established in Ljubljana. 1948 18 March Soviet Union calls back all its specialists from Yugoslavia. The Communist Party of the Soviet Union accuses the Communist Party of Yugoslavia of not being democratic, that it leans toward imperial powers, that returns to capitalism, and that it diverts from Marxism. The Informbiro begins. Economic blockade and a threat of military intervention follow. 1954 Free Territory of Trieste expires after the London Memorandum is signed between the US, Great Britain, Italy and Yugoslavia. Trieste becomes Italian. Slovenia gets the north of Istria. 1955 Informbiro ends. Josip Broz Tito and Nikita Khrushchev sign the Belgrade declaration, which also recognizes a Yugoslav form of socialism. 1978 The "South railway" is electrified. 1980 4 May Tito dies at the Ljubljana University Medical Centre. 1990 22 April Milan Kučan wins the presidential election, which is still held within the SFR Yugoslavia. 23 December A referendum on independence is held. 88.5% of the eligible electorate (and 94.8% of the participating electorate) votes for independence from Yugoslavia. 1991 25 June Slovenia becomes an independent state by adopting and approving relevant official documents. 26 June Slovenia ceremonially declares its independence from SFR Yugoslavia. Slovenia removes Yugoslav border signs and marks its own. The Yugoslav People's Army sends 2,000 soldiers from barracks across Slovenia to reclaim all border checkpoints and the Ten Day War starts. 27 June The Yugoslav People's Army takes over border posts, but most of their soldiers are blocked within barracks and have their water and electricity supplies cut off. 1 July Germany unilaterally recognizes Slovenia as an independent state. 7 July The Brioni Agreement between Slovenia and the SFR Yugoslavia is signed, under political patronage of the European Economic Community (EEC). The Ten Day War ends 6 October The European Commission announces that Slovenia, together with nine other countries (Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, and Slovakia), has met the criteria to join the European Union, which would see its membership expand from 15 member states to 25. 21 November During the Prague (Czech Republic) NATO summit, Slovenia is invited to start talks in order to join the alliance, together with six other countries (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria. 1 December Janez Drnovšek wins the third presidential election and becomes the second president of Slovenia. 2003 23 March Referendums on joining the EU and NATO are held and both initiatives are successful. 2004 29 March Slovenia, together with six former Warsaw Pact countries of Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Slovakia, joins NATO. 1 May Slovenia enters the European Union along with Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland and Slovakia. The Slovenian tolar becomes part of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, in preparation for eventual adoption of the euro. 2005 1 January Slovenia takes over the rotating presidency of the Organization for Security and Co operation in Europe. 2006 25 September Slovenia takes over the rotating presidency of the IAEA. 2007 1 January Slovenia adopts the euro as its legal tender currency, and begins issuing its own euro coins. 11 November Danilo Türk wins the fourth presidential election and becomes the third president of Slovenia. 21 December Slovenia joins the Schengen Area. 2008 1 January Slovenia takes over the rotating presidency of the European Union as the first among the new member states. 2009 18 July Slovenia takes over the rotating presidency of the Council of Europe. 2010 21 July Slovenia becomes a member of the OECD. 2012 2 December Borut Pahor wins the fifth presidential election, and becomes the fourth President of Slovenia. 2017 12 November Borut Pahor wins the sixth presidential election, and becomes the second president to win a second mandate. 2021 1 July Slovenia takes over the rotating presidency of the European Union for the second time. 2022 13 November Nataša Pirc Musar wins the seventh presidential election, and becomes the fifth President of Slovenia, and the first woman in this role.