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Phonological process involving the addition of one or more sounds to a word

In phonology, epenthesis (/ɪ/'/p//ɛ//n//θ//ə//s//ɪ//s//, //ɛ// /; Greek ἐπένθεσις) means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially in the beginning syllable (prothesis) or in the ending syllable (paragoge) or in between two syllabic sounds in a word. The word epenthesis comes from epi and en and thesis Epenthesis may be divided into two types: excrescence for the addition of a consonant, and for the addition of a vowel, svarabhakti (in Sanskrit) or alternatively anaptyxis (,/æ//n//ə//p/'/t//ɪ//k//s//ɪ//s/). The opposite process, where one or more sounds are removed, is referred to as elision.

Epenthesis arises for a variety of reasons. The phonotactics of a given language may discourage vowels in hiatus or consonant clusters, and a consonant or vowel may be added to make pronunciation easier. Epenthesis may be represented in writing, or it may be a feature only of the spoken language.

While epenthesis most often occurs between two vowels or two consonants, it can also occur between a vowel and a consonant or at the ends of words. For example, the Japanese prefix (真〜（ま〜）) transforms regularly to (真っ〜（まっ〜）) when it is followed by a consonant, as in (真っ白（まっしろ）). The English suffix t, often found in the form st, as in amongst (from among + st), is an example of terminal excrescence.

Excrescence is the epenthesis of a consonant.

In French, is inserted in inverted interrogative phrases between a verb ending in a vowel and a pronoun beginning with a vowel: il a ('he has') > a t il ('has he?'). There is no epenthesis from a historical perspective since the a t is derived from Latin habet ('he has'), and so the t is the original third person verb inflection. It is incorrect to call it epenthesis unless viewed synchronically since the modern basic form of the verb is a and so the psycholinguistic process is therefore the addition of t to the base form. A similar example is the English indefinite article a, which becomes an before a vowel. It originated from Old English ān , which retained an n in all positions, so a diachronic analysis would see the original n disappearing except if a following vowel required its retention: an > a. However, a synchronic analysis, in keeping with the perception of most native speakers, would (though incorrectly) see it as epenthesis: a > an. In Dutch, whenever the suffix er (which has several meanings) is attached to a word already ending in r, an additional d is inserted in between. For example, the comparative form of the adjective zoet is zoeter, but the comparative of zuur is zuurder and not the expected **zurer. Similarly, the agent noun of verkopen is verkoper , but the agent noun of uitvoeren is uitvoerder .

A limited number of words in Japanese use epenthetic consonants to separate vowels. An example is the word ([[wikt:春雨), a compound of haru and ame in which an is added to separate the final of haru and the initial of ame. That is a synchronic analysis. As for a diachronic (historical) analysis, since epenthetic consonants are not used regularly in modern Japanese, the epenthetic could be from Old Japanese. It is also possible that Old Japanese /ame2/ was once pronounced */same2/; the would then be not epenthetic but simply an archaic pronunciation. Another example is ([[wikt:小雨). A complex example of epenthesis is ([[wikt:真っ青), from ([[wikt:真) + ([[wikt:青). It exhibits epenthesis on both morphemes: (真〜（ま〜）) → (真っ〜（まっ〜）) is common (occurring before a consonant), and (青（あお）) → (青（さお）) occurs only in the example; it can be analyzed as → (intervocalic) → ; akin to ([[wikt:霧雨) from ([[wikt:霧) + ([[wikt:雨). One hypothesis argues that Japanese developed "as a default, epenthetic consonant in the intervocalic position".

Epenthesis of a vowel is known as anaptyxis (,/æ//n//ə//p/'/t//ɪ//k//s//ɪ//s/, from Greek ἀνάπτυξις ). Some accounts distinguish between "intrusive" optional vowels, vowel like releases of consonants as phonetic detail, and true epenthetic vowels that are required by the phonotactics of the language and are acoustically identical with phonemic vowels.

Many languages insert a so called prop vowel at the end of a word, often as a result of the common sound change where vowels at the end of a word are deleted. For example, in the Gallo Romance languages, a prop schwa was added when final non open vowels were dropped leaving /Cr/ clusters at the end, e. g. Latin nigrum '(shiny) black' > * > Old French negre 'black' (thus avoiding the impermissible , cf. carrum > char 'cart').

Similarly as above, a vowel may be inserted in the middle of a word to resolve an impermissible word final consonant cluster. An example of this can be found in Lebanese Arabic, where 'heart' corresponds to Modern Standard Arabic قلب and Egyptian Arabic In the development of Old English, Proto Germanic akraz 'field, acre' would have ended up with an impermissible final cluster (æcr), so it was resolved by inserting an before the rhotic consonant: æcer (cf. the use of a syllabic consonant in Gothic akrs). Vowel insertion in the middle of a word can be observed in the history of the Slavic languages, which had a preference for open syllables in medieval times. An example of this is the Proto Slavic form gordŭ 'town', in which the East Slavic languages inserted an epenthetic copy vowel to open the closed syllable, resulting in городъ , which became город in modern Russian and Ukrainian. Other Slavic languages used metathesis for the vowel and the syllable final consonant, producing *grodŭ in this case, as seen in Polish gród, Old Church Slavonic градъ gradŭ, Serbo Croatian grad and Czech hrad. Another environment can be observed in the history of Modern Persian, in which former word initial consonant clusters, which were still extant in Middle Persian, are regularly broken up: Middle Persian brādar 'brother' > modern Iranian Persian برادر , Middle Persian stūn 'column' > Early New Persian ستون > modern Iranian Persian ستون
In Spanish, as a phonetic detail, it is usual to find a schwa vowel in sequences of a consonant followed by a flap. For instance, vinagre 'vinegar' may be but also

Many Indo Aryan languages carry an inherent vowel after each consonant. For example, in Assamese, the inherent vowel is "o" (অ), while in Hindi and Marathi, it is "a" (अ). Sanskrit words like maaŋsa (, মাংস), ratna (, ৰত্ন), yatna (, যত্ন), padma (, পদ্ম), harsha (, হৰ্ষ), dvaara (, দ্বাৰ) etc. become moŋoh (মাংস > মঙহ), roton (ৰত্ন > ৰতন), zoton (যত্ন > যতন), podum (পদ্ম > পদুম), horix (হৰ্ষ > হৰিষ), duwar (দ্বাৰ > দুৱাৰ) etc. in Assamese. Other, non Tatsama words also undergo anaptyxis, for example, the English word glass becomes gilas (গিলাছ).

Epenthesis often breaks up a consonant cluster or vowel sequence that is not permitted by the phonotactics of a language. Regular or semi regular epenthesis commonly occurs in languages with affixes. For example, a reduced vowel or (here abbreviated as ) is inserted before the English plural suffix and the past tense suffix when the root ends in a similar consonant: glass → glasses or ; bat → batted However, this is a synchronic analysis as the vowel was originally present in the suffix but has been lost in most words.

Epenthesis most often occurs within unfamiliar or complex consonant clusters. For example, in English, the name Dwight is commonly pronounced with an epenthetic schwa between the and the , and many speakers insert a schwa between the and of realtor. Irish English and Scottish English are some of the dialects that may insert a schwa between and in words like film under the influence of Celtic languages, a phenomenon that also occurs in Indian English due to the influence of Indo Aryan languages like Hindi. Epenthesis is sometimes used for humorous or childlike effect. For example, the cartoon character Yogi Bear says "pic a nic basket" for picnic basket. Another example is found in the chants of England football fans in which England is usually rendered as or the pronunciation of athlete as "ath e lete". Some apparent occurrences of epenthesis, however, have a separate cause: the pronunciation of nuclear as in some North American dialects arises out of analogy with other cular words (binocular, particular, etc.) rather than from epenthesis. In colloquial registers of Brazilian Portuguese, is sometimes inserted between consonant clusters except those with (atleta), (prato) or syllable ending (pasta; note syllable final is pronounced in a number of dialects). Examples would be tsunami , advogado and abdômen Some dialects also use , which is deemed as stereotypical of people from lower classes, such as those arriving from rural flight in internal migrations to cities such as Rio de Janeiro, Brasília and São Paulo.

In Finnish, there are two epenthetic vowels and two nativization vowels. One epenthetic vowel is the preceding vowel, found in the illative case ending (h)*n: maa → maahan, talo → taloon. The second is , connecting stems that have historically been consonant stems to their case endings: nim+n → nimen. In Standard Finnish, consonant clusters may not be broken by epenthetic vowels; foreign words undergo consonant deletion rather than addition of vowels: ranta from Proto Germanic strandō. However, modern loans may not end in consonants. Even if the word, such as a personal name, is native, a paragogic vowel is needed to connect a consonantal case ending to the word. The vowel is : (Inter)net → netti, or in the case of personal name, Bush + sta → Bushista (elative case). Finnish has moraic consonants: l, h and n are of interest. In Standard Finnish, they are slightly intensified before a consonant in a medial cluster: hj Some dialects, like Savo and Ostrobothnian, have epenthesis instead and use the preceding vowel in clusters of type l[[Consonant and h[[Consonant, in Savo also nh (In Finnish linguistics, the phenomenon is often referred to as švaa; the same word can also mean , but it is not a phoneme in Finnish so there is usually no danger of confusion.) For example, Pohjanmaa → Pohojammaa, ryhmä → ryhymä, and Savo vanha → vanaha. Ambiguities may result: salmi vs. salami. (An exception is that in Pohjanmaa, lj and rj become li and ri , respectively: kirja → kiria. Also, in a small region in Savo, is used instead.)