1988 жылғы Формула-1 әлем чемпионаты

42nd season of FIA Formula One motor racing

The 1988 FIA Formula One World Championship was the 42nd season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1988 Formula One World Championship for Drivers and the 1988 Formula One World Championship for Constructors, which were contested concurrently over a sixteen race series that commenced on 3 April and ended on 13 November. The World Championship for Drivers was won by Ayrton Senna, and the World Championship for Constructors by McLaren Honda. Senna and McLaren teammate Alain Prost won fifteen of the sixteen races between them; the only race neither driver won was the Italian Grand Prix, where Ferrari's Gerhard Berger took an emotional victory four weeks after the death of team founder Enzo Ferrari. McLaren's win tally has only been bettered or equalled in seasons with more than sixteen races; their Constructors' Championship tally of 199 points, more than three times that of any other constructor, was also a record until F1 season of 2002.

The following drivers and constructors competed in the 1988 season. All teams competed with tyres supplied by Goodyear. Entrant Constructor Chassis Engine No Driver Rounds Camel Team Lotus Honda Lotus Honda 100T Honda RA168E 1.5 V6 t 1 Nelson Piquet All 2 Satoru Nakajima All Tyrrell Racing Organisation Tyrrell Ford 017 Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 V8 3 Jonathan Palmer All 4 Julian Bailey All Canon Williams Team Williams Judd FW12 Judd CV 3.5 V8 5 Nigel Mansell 1–10, 13–16 Martin Brundle 11 Jean Louis Schlesser 12 6 Riccardo Patrese All West Zakspeed Zakspeed 881 Zakspeed 1500/4 1.5 L4 t 9 Piercarlo Ghinzani All 10 Bernd Schneider All Honda Marlboro McLaren McLaren Honda MP4/4 Honda RA168E 1.5 V6 t 11 Alain Prost All 12 Ayrton Senna All AGS AGS Ford JH23 Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 V8 14 Philippe Streiff All Leyton House March Racing Team March Judd 881 Judd CV 3.5 V8 15 Maurício Gugelmin All 16 Ivan Capelli All USF&G Arrows Megatron Arrows Megatron A10B Megatron M12/13 1.5 L4 t 17 Derek Warwick All 18 Eddie Cheever All Benetton Formula Benetton Ford B188 Ford Cosworth DFR 3.5 V8 19 Alessandro Nannini All 20 Thierry Boutsen All Osella Squadra Corse Osella FA1IFA1L Osella 890T 1.5 V8 t 21 Nicola Larini All Rial Racing Rial Ford ARC1 Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 V8 22 Andrea de Cesaris All Lois Minardi Team Minardi Ford M188 Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 V8 23 Adrián Campos 1–5 Pierluigi Martini 6–16 24 Luis Pérez Sala All Ligier Loto Ligier Judd JS31 Judd CV 3.5 V8 25 René Arnoux All 26 Stefan Johansson All Ferrari Ferrari F1/87/88C Ferrari 033E 1.5 V6 t 27 Michele Alboreto All 28 Gerhard Berger All Larrousse Calmels Lola Ford LC88 Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 V8 29 Yannick Dalmas 1–14 Aguri Suzuki 15 Pierre Henri Raphanel 16 30 Philippe Alliot All Coloni SpA Coloni Ford FC188FC188B Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 V8 31 Gabriele Tarquini All EuroBrun Racing EuroBrun Ford ER188 Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 V8 32 Oscar Larrauri All 33 Stefano Modena All Scuderia Italia BMS Dallara Ford 3087 Ford Cosworth DFV 3.0 V8 36 Alex Caffi 1 F188 Ford Cosworth DFZ 3.5 V8 2–16

Despite winning his third championship with Williams, Nelson Piquet left his team. A heated battle with teammate Nigel Mansell left the pair's relationship sour. Riccardo Patrese was signed as his replacement. Piquet moved to Team Lotus, where a seat became available after it was announced that Ayrton Senna moved to McLaren to join Alain Prost. Before the 1987 Austrian Grand Prix, it was announced that Minardi driver Alessandro Nannini would replace Teo Fabi at Benetton. Fabi took out his frustration on his teammate Thierry Boutsen during the race, blocking him for many laps and not moving over for blue flags. In 1987, Julian Bailey became the first British driver to win a Formula 3000 race. This landed him a drive for Tyrrell F1 for 1988. Bailey was one of the five drivers making his debut at the beginning of the season. Another ten driver switches happened in the lower ranking teams.

Martin Brundle was test driver for Williams in 1988 and fell in for Nigel Mansell at the Belgian Grand Prix, after Mansell was struck down with chickenpox. For the Italian Grand Prix, Williams called upon Jean Louis Schlesser to make his debut, since Brundle had prior commitments in IMSA. The French driver made himself (in)famous by crashing into leader Ayrton Senna when the Brazilian tried to lap him for the second time. The McLaren spun out, paving the way for a Ferrari 1 2 finish on home soil. It was McLaren's only race in the year they did not win. After failing to qualify in three consecutive races, Adrián Campos left Minardi unmotivated. The team replaced him with Pierluigi Martini, having raced for them in F1 season of 1985 as well. Larrousse driver Yannick Dalmas fell ill near the end of the season. To replace him, Aguri Suzuki made his debut at his home race. For the final race, Pierre Henri Raphanel stepped in, for his debut as well.

The Austrian Grand Prix was dropped from the 1988 calendar due to safety concerns with the Österreichring, the narrow pit straight resulting in the 1987 race having to be restarted twice and Stefan Johansson hitting a small reindeer during the practice session, destroying his car and breaking his ribs in the process. This led to a re organisation of the calendar, with the Belgian Grand Prix being moved from late May to late August to fill the slot traditionally occupied by the Austrian Grand Prix, and the Mexican Grand Prix being moved from mid October to late May. The Canadian Grand Prix returned after a year away, taking place in mid June as the second race in a three race North American tour, preceded by the Mexican Grand Prix and followed by the Detroit Grand Prix the following week.

Before the Italian Grand Prix, Prost was quoted as saying that, as it was very possible that McLaren would take out a perfect sixteen out of sixteen victories, the winner would be determined between which McLaren driver would take the most wins, and on the chance they both took eight, it would be determined on their second places, which at the time Prost had more of despite having fewer wins. This meant Prost with 4 wins to Senna's 7 could only let Senna win one more time. Monza, being another high speed circuit, would prove to be another McLaren dominated race, with both sitting on the front row, again with both Ferrari's behind. The race fell into regular routine as Senna lead from the start and Prost close behind. Prost had actually won the start, but as he changed gear from 1st to 2nd his Honda engine began to misfire allowing Senna to power past before the Retifillo chicane. At the end of the first lap with Senna holding a 2 second lead, Prost, correctly believing the misfire was bad enough that he wouldn't finish the race, turned his turbo boost up to full and gave chase. However, on lap 35 of 51, Prost's championship hopes seemed to evaporate when his Honda engine finally blew. The tifosi cheered as their drivers were shifted to second and third, albeit some 30 seconds behind Senna, and Honda were left embarrassed with one of their engines expiring on their main rivals (Ferrari) home track. Unfortunately for McLaren though, what Prost had done was force Senna to use too much fuel in his desire to stay in the lead (many in the pits, including his former Lotus team boss Peter Warr believed that Senna had effectively been suckered by Prost and should have realised that if he was using too much fuel then Prost was also, something Prost did not usually do). This forced Senna to back off over the last 16 laps in order to ensure a finish, and it allowed the Ferrari's to close the gap from 30 seconds when Prost retired, to just over 5 seconds with just two laps remaining as Senna came up to lap the Williams of Jean Louis Schlesser, standing in for the still unwell Nigel Mansell. Senna, knowing the Ferraris were closing in, dived under Schlesser's Williams at the Rettifilo chicane instead of waiting for the long, fast Curva Grande that would follow. Senna took his normal line through the corner while Schlesser moved over to give him room. The Williams locked its brakes in the dust and marbles on the edge of the circuit and slid wide. Schlesser (a noted rally driver who was used to such things) then regained control and turned the Williams to avoid the sand trap and found Senna had not allowed any room for the Frenchman to rejoin the circuit. The Williams T boned the right rear tyre of the McLaren, breaking its rear suspension and destroying any hopes of a perfect winning season for McLaren. The tifosi erupted as the #12 McLaren was beached on a curb and out of the race; Gerhard Berger and Michele Alboreto sat first and second, where they remained at the finish only half a second apart. The victory was made poignant by the fact that it was the first Italian Grand Prix since Enzo Ferrari's death. Both drivers and team dedicated the victory to the "old man". This race would prove to be the only chink in McLaren's perfect year and their only double retirement. Arrows, whose engine guru Heini Mader had finally solved the Megatron engine's pop off valve problem giving them comparable power to the Honda and Ferrari engines (approximately ), finished 3rd and 4th, with Cheever gaining the final spot on the rostrum just six tenths in front of Derek Warwick. It would prove to be the final podium finish for both Arrows with their old BMW M12 engine (re badged as Megatron in 1987) which had been introduced to F1 with the Brabham team back in F1 season of 1982. With full power now available, during qualifying Cheever pushed his Arrows A10B to , comfortably faster than the McLarens and Ferraris which were timed at .

The following Grand Prix in Portugal proved to be an exciting affair, for all but Ayrton Senna who suffered race long with handling troubles. He ended sixth while Prost retook the championship lead by obtaining his fifth victory of the year. March driver Ivan Capelli secured his first career podium with a brilliant second, with Boutsen once again finishing third in his Benetton. As the field finished the first lap of the race, Prost, who had claimed his second pole of the year (and pulled a psychological ploy on Senna by setting his time early in the final session, then spending the rest of the session lounging in the McLaren pits wearing jeans and a T shirt, almost daring the Brazilian to beat him), pulled out of Senna's slipstream to pass his teammate for the lead down the straight. In a famous vision, Senna almost pushed his teammate into the pit wall at over , something which didn't please the race winner. This was after Prost had tried to block Senna and pushed him close to the grass during one of the aborted starts.

At the Spanish Grand Prix, Prost secured his sixth win of the season, again in an attempt to delay an almost inevitable eighth race win for Senna – that would secure his first of three championships. As in Portugal, Senna suffered from fuel gauge problems, as well an overheating engine and was lucky to secure fourth. Nigel Mansell doubled his British Grand Prix efforts and scored another six points. He moved into second early and while never seriously threatening Prost for the lead, it was only a slow stop for tyres on lap 47 which prevented the Englishman from pressuring the Frenchman late in the race. Alessandro Nannini continued to impress when drove a steady race to finish third in his Benetton. During qualifying, Grand Prix's most experienced driver Riccardo Patrese was fined $10,000 for brake testing the Tyrrell of Julian Bailey. Patrese's action, which caused the Tyrrell to hit the back of the Williams, fly into the air and off the track into a gravel trap, was widely condemned by those in the paddock. One unnamed driver was quoted as saying "I hope they fine him his bloody retainer. There are enough accidental shunts in this business without people actually trying to cause them "

The penultimate round in Japan was, once again, where the title was decided. This time it was the end of the weekend, and not the beginning. Prost made a superb start to the lead, whilst Senna stalled, lucky in the fact that Suzuka had a sloping grid, helping to start his car. Senna knew he had nothing to lose and everything to gain in this race, and knew he could seal the championship here. By the end of the lap he had already made up six positions, and by the fourth lap he was sitting in fourth position. The top six cars were all sitting very close and when the rain started to fall, so did Prost. Capelli took this chance to become the first naturally aspirated car to lead a Grand Prix in over 4 years, thrilling the March team. Unfortunately, this was not to last as his electronics would eventually fail. By then, Senna was hot on the tail of Prost. Prost disliked the wet, and his failing gearbox only added to the Brazilian's chances. When the pair came round to lap some back markers, as Prost was caught up with de Cesaris, Senna went past to take the lead, and set three consecutive fastest laps and setting a new lap record. As he was now in front of the field of competitors and due to become world champion, he signaled to stop the race. However, the race ran its full distance and Honda were reveling in their 1–2 finish, whilst Prost was bitter, but readily accepted that Senna was a deserving champion. Other than those with Honda engines, the Japanese fans had two local drivers to cheer for the first time. Japanese Formula 3000 champion Aguri Suzuki was substituting for the sick Yannick Dalmas in the Larrousse team (Dalmas would later be diagnosed with Legionaire's Disease). Suzuki joined Satoru Nakajima as the only Japanese drivers in F1 at the time. The much maligned Nakajima won praise at the meeting when he drove despite finding out only 30 minutes before the first practice session that his mother had died that morning. The inspired Japanese driver was faster than his World Champion teammate Piquet on the first day of qualifying, and matched the Brazilian's time to the thousandth of a second during the second session.

McLaren secured their 12th 1–2 qualifying for the season, with Senna setting his record 13th pole for the year, again doing his last minute act by literally beating Prost's time on the last lap of qualifying. In the last turbo Formula One race until the F1 season of 2014 season, Bernd Schneider failed to qualify his Zakspeed, while Nicola Larini failed to pre qualify the Osella. A relaxed Nigel Mansell, in his last race in his first spell for Williams, qualified 3rd, though he wasn't confident going into the race as both he and Riccardo Patrese had suffered brake trouble all through practice and qualifying and the Adelaide Street Circuit had been notoriously hard on brakes in its 3 race history. Before the race Gerhard Berger told both Prost and Senna that with it being the last race for the turbos he was going to "go for it" and run the race with full turbo boost. He reasoned it was better to go out in the lead rather than just drone around in the wake of the McLarens. True to his word, Berger led the race by using maximum turbo boost in his engine and had passed Prost for the lead on lap 14. His race was only to last another 9 laps though as he crashed with René Arnoux on lap 25. After that the race turned into another McLaren demonstration, though late in the race Nelson Piquet did briefly threaten Senna who had been having gear selection problems almost from the start. Mansell's fear of the Williams's brakes came to fruition when he spun into the barriers on lap 65 simply through having no brakes left. He had been in fourth place at the time just in front of Patrese, but had not been able to truly challenge Piquet who was able to use Honda power on the 900 metre long Brabham Straight to keep his former teammates at bay. Prost would go on to win in Adelaide, leading home Senna and outgoing champion Nelson Piquet giving Honda turbos a fitting 1–2–3 finish in the final race of the first turbo era in Formula One. Prost's win over Senna in Australia saw him score eleven more points in total than the Brazilian, but only the eleven highest scores counted, with Senna's eight wins and three seconds giving him a total of 90 points to Prost's 87. While Prost agreed that Senna deserved his championship win, he went on to be a proponent of the 1990s scoring system, where all results would count to the final results with the winner scoring 10, not 9, points.

Incredibly, of the 14 races Alain Prost finished in 1988 he would record seven wins and seven second places, yet it wasn't enough to win the championship. His wins total equaled the single season record he himself had equalled in F1 season of 1984 (Jim Clark had won 7 races in F1 season of 1963) when he had also lost the world championship to then McLaren teammate Niki Lauda. However, unlike Lauda who scored 5 wins and it was his regular points finishes that gave him his 3rd championship, the wins record now belonged to Senna who finished with eight wins. Senna also set the single season pole winning record by claiming the fastest time on thirteen occasions during the year, finishing the season with 29 career pole positions, only four behind the record, which was another held by the great Jim Clark. In Adelaide, FOCA boss Bernie Ecclestone summed up the season by saying that what McLaren had actually done was nothing more than their usual professional job and that they didn't really do anything exceptional. With the Honda turbo they clearly had the best engines, and in Senna and Prost they had the two best drivers. The problem was that just about every other team performed well below par and the McLarens were rarely challenged. He then jokingly added that all the teams, including McLaren, would have to up their performance in F1 season of 1989 as Brabham (which he had sold to EuroBrun owner Walter Brun) would be back in Formula One. While the McLaren Honda cars had dominated the 1988 Formula One season like no one had before, the FIA's rules to limit turbo cars' boost and fuel tank size had the desired effect of bringing the atmospheric cars back into contention. This was shown by front row starts for Nigel Mansell in Brazil and Hungary, as well as three second place and eight third place finishes for the non turbo cars, and on each occasion that a non turbo car finished on the podium, the only cars to finish in front of them were the all conquering McLaren Hondas.

PosConstructor Carno. BRA SMR MON MEX CAN DET FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR ESP JPN AUSPts 1 McLaren Honda 11 1 1 2 Ret 2 2 Ret 2 199 12 2 1 6 2 Ferrari 27 5 18 3 4 Ret Ret 3 17 4 Ret Ret 5 Ret 11 Ret 65 28 5 2 3 Ret Ret 4 3 4 1 6 4 Ret 3 Benetton Ford 19 Ret 6 Ret 7 Ret Ret 6 3 Ret DSQ 9 Ret 3 5 Ret 39 20 7 4 8 8 3 3 Ret Ret 6 3 DSQ 6 3 9 3 5 4 Lotus Honda 1 3 3 Ret Ret 4 Ret 5 5 Ret 8 4 Ret Ret 8 Ret 3 23 2 6 8 DNQ Ret 11 DNQ 7 10 9 7 Ret Ret Ret Ret 7 Ret 5 Arrows Megatron 17 4 9 4 5 7 Ret Ret 6 7 Ret 5 4 4 Ret Ret Ret 23 18 8 7 Ret 6 Ret Ret 11 7 10 Ret 6 3 Ret Ret Ret Ret 6 March Judd 15 Ret 15 Ret Ret Ret Ret 8 4 8 5 Ret 8 Ret 7 10 Ret 22 16 Ret Ret 10 16 5 DNS 9 Ret 5 Ret 3 5 2 Ret Ret 6 7 Williams Judd 5 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 7 11 Ret 2 Ret Ret 20 6 Ret 13 6 Ret Ret Ret Ret 8 Ret 6 Ret 7 Ret 5 6 4 8 Tyrrell Ford 3 Ret 14 5 DNQ 6 5 Ret Ret 11 Ret 12 DNQ Ret Ret 12 Ret 5 4 DNQ Ret DNQ DNQ Ret 9 DNQ 16 DNQ DNQ DNQ 12 DNQ DNQ 14 DNQ 9 Rial Ford 22 Ret Ret Ret Ret 9 4 10 Ret 13 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 8 3 10 Minardi Ford 23 Ret 16 DNQ DNQ DNQ 6 15 15 DNQ Ret DNQ Ret Ret Ret 13 7 1 24 Ret 11 Ret 11 13 Ret NC Ret DNQ 10 DNQ Ret 8 12 15 Ret — Lola Ford 29 Ret 12 7 9 DNQ 7 13 13 19 9 Ret Ret Ret 11 16 DNQ 0 30 Ret 17 Ret Ret 10 Ret Ret 14 Ret 12 9 Ret Ret 14 9 10 — Dallara Ford 36 DNPQ Ret Ret Ret DNPQ 8 12 11 15 Ret 8 Ret 7 10 Ret Ret 0 — AGS Ford 14 Ret 10 Ret 12 Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret Ret 10 Ret 9 Ret 8 11 0 — Coloni Ford 31 Ret Ret Ret 14 8 DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ 13 Ret DNQ 11 DNPQ DNPQ DNQ 0 — Ligier Judd 25 Ret DNQ Ret Ret Ret Ret DNQ 18 17 Ret Ret 13 10 Ret 17 Ret 0 26 9 DNQ Ret 10 Ret Ret DNQ DNQ DNQ Ret 11 DNQ Ret Ret DNQ 9 — Osella 21 DNQ EX 9 DNQ DNQ Ret Ret 19 Ret DNPQ Ret Ret 12 Ret Ret DNPQ 0 — EuroBrun Ford 32 Ret DNQ Ret 13 Ret Ret Ret DNQ 16 DNQ DNPQ DNPQ DNPQ DNQ DNQ Ret 0 33 Ret NC EX EX 12 Ret 14 12 Ret 11 DNQ DNQ DNQ 13 DNQ Ret — Zakspeed 9 DNQ Ret Ret 15 14 DNQ EX DNQ 14 DNQ Ret Ret DNQ DNQ DNQ Ret 0 10 DNQ DNQ DNQ Ret DNQ DNQ Ret DNQ 12 DNQ 13 Ret DNQ DNQ Ret DNQPosConstructor Carno. BRA SMR MON MEX CAN DET FRA GBR GER HUN BEL ITA POR ESP JPN AUSPts