McVitie's: Британдық печенье брендінің тарихы

British brand of snack foods

McVitie's (/m//ə//k/'/v//ɪ//t//i//z/) is a British snack food brand owned by United Biscuits. The name derives from the original Scottish biscuit maker, McVitie & Price, Ltd., established in 1830 on Rose Street in Edinburgh, Scotland. The company moved to various sites in the city before completing the St. Andrews Biscuit Works factory on Robertson Avenue in the Gorgie district in 1888. The company also established one in Glasgow and two large manufacturing plants south of the border, in Heaton Chapel, Stockport, and Park Royal, London. There are seven McVitie's factories in the UK, with each producing a different types of biscuit; the Harlesden site in north west London manufactures the chocolate digestives. Under United Biscuits McVitie's held a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II. The best selling biscuit manufacturer in the United Kingdom, McVitie's produces Jaffa Cakes and popular biscuits such as chocolate digestives, Hobnobs and Rich tea. In 2020, sales of McVitie's biscuits in the UK were more than five times the next two competitors.

Robert McVitie was born in Dumfries in 1809. He served an apprenticeship with a baker and in 1834 he moved to Edinburgh. He initially lived and worked at 130 Rose Street, just north of Princes Street in the New Town. In 1835, he moved to the adjacent building at 129 Rose Street. It was called a "provision Shop". In 1843, he opened a second shop at 14 Charlotte Place (later renamed Randolph Place) just west of Charlotte Square. McVitie's is first described as a "baker and confectioner" rather than a provision shop in 1856 at 5 Charlotte Place. He used the basement area below the shop as the bakery. In 1870, McVitie is described as a baker at 12 Antigua Street and 2 East London Street, both also near his home in Broughton Street. In 1875, the business was expanded to 23 and 24 Queensferry Street where McVitie is described as a baker and confectioner. In 1881, his eldest son, also Robert (1854–1910), was in charge of the Queensferry Street business while the other properties remained in his name until 1884 although he died in 1883. In that year Robert junior also occupied 8 and 9 Merchant Street. In 1887, he employed Alexander Grant from Forres, an experienced biscuit maker, to aid in this. He was employed as foreman of the bakery but left to set up his own bakery in Inverness but this failed and he returned to McVitie's. In the late 19th century it was decided to split the operations of the business, with retail made a separate company. In 1898, McVitie rebranded that company McVities, Guest and Co (usually McVitties) after joining with his brother in law Edward Graham Guest. In 1903, they built the McVities Guest Tearoom at 135/136 Princes Street (on the corner of South Charlotte Street).

In 1875, the company had been joined by Charles Edward Price as a salesman. His success in this role led to a partnership in 1888 to create McVitie & Price. In 1888, they built the huge St Andrews Biscuit Works on Robertson Avenue in the Gorgie district of south west Edinburgh. Price left in 1910 following the death of Robert. In 1891, the London salesman for the company George Andrews Brown persuaded the company to redesign their Rich Tea biscuit to a smaller size to accommodate the London taste. The original Gorgie factory burned down in 1894, but was rebuilt the same year to a much improved technical standard. It remained operative until 1969 when production ceased and operations were transferred to the English sites which had been established at Harlesden, north west London in 1902 which is the largest biscuit factory in the UK, and Manchester in 1914. Robert McVitie died married but childless in 1910 in Berkhamsted rather than at his home 12 Greenhill Gardens in south Edinburgh. He is commemorated in Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh. After his death, McVitie & Price Limited was incorporated as a joint–stock limited company in 1911 placing Alexander Grant as managing director and principal share holder. The firm acquired the Edinburgh bakery of Simon Henderson & Sons in 1922. McVitie's brand products are now manufactured in five United Kingdom factories: the two former McVitie & Price factories in Harlesden and Stockport, a former Macfarlane, Lang & Co. factory named Victoria Biscuit Works in Glasgow, a former Carr's factory named The Biscuit Works established 1831 in Carlisle, and the McVitie's Cake Co. factory (formerly Riley's Toffee Works) in Halifax. [[File:McVitie's chocolate digestive biscuit. jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.9|McVitie's chocolate digestive. First produced in 1925, travel writer Bill Bryson called it a “British masterpiece”. It is the UK's most popular biscuit to dunk into tea. The biscuit was given its name because it was thought that its high baking soda content served as an aid to food digestion. Grant later became managing director of the company. In 1923, he was the main benefactor in establishing the National Library of Scotland giving an endowment of £100,000. Grant donated a further £100,000 in 1928 to assist with the building of the National Library premises on George IV Bridge in Edinburgh. In 1924, Ramsay MacDonald, prime minister of Britain’s new Labour Government, admitted that Grant had given him a Daimler car and £30,000 of shares in McVitie's. Grant had been MacDonald’s childhood friend, and shortly after received a baronetcy (hereditary knighthood) from the prime minister. The affair, regarded by many as corruption by the prime minister, severely shook the government. The McVitie's Chocolate Homewheat Digestive was created in 1925. Over 71 million packets of McVitie's chocolate digestives are eaten in the United Kingdom each year, equating to 52 biscuits per second. Hobnobs were launched in 1985 and a milk chocolate variant followed in 1987. Launched in 1927, Jaffa Cakes were ranked the best selling cake or biscuit in the UK in 2012.

Some of the products in the McVitie's line were rebranded McV in 2002, but this was replaced in 2005 with a restyled version of the McVitie's brand logo. In 2007, United Biscuits licensed the McVitie's brand to Meiji Seika Kaisha Ltd for biscuit production in Japan. thumb|upright=0.8|McVitie's Rich tea were launched in 1891. In 2009, McVitie's biscuits were voted the most popular biscuits to dunk in tea, with McVitie's chocolate digestives, Rich tea and Hobnobs ranked the country's top three favourite biscuits in 2009. In June 2014, McVitie's announced their intention to make 157 shop floor roles redundant at their Stockport manufacturing facility. This redundancy announcement was also due to the modernisation agenda of the company and also involves a move from an 8 hour 5 day operation, to a 12 hour 7 day operation. In November 2014, United Biscuits, and hence also McVitie's, became owned by Turkish company Yildiz which in 2016 merged some of its subsidiaries including United Biscuits as pladis. In 2020, sales of McVitie's biscuits in the United Kingdom were more than five times their closest two competitors in the biscuit category (Kit Kat and Cadbury biscuits). In 2023, McVitie's struck a deal to sponsor English championship football club Hull City.

Although not their core operation it is noteworthy that McVitie's were commissioned in 1893 to create a wedding cake for the royal wedding between the Duke of York and Princess Mary, who subsequently became King George V and Queen Mary. This cake was over 7 feet (2 metres) high and cost 140 guineas. It was viewed by 14,000 and was wonderful publicity for the company. They received many commissions for royal wedding cakes and christening cakes. McVitie's were commissioned to make a chocolate biscuit cake as a groom's cake for the 2011 Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton.