Есік тұтқалары және олардың түрлері

Device to open or close door

A door handle or doorknob is a handle used to open or close a door. Door handles can be found on all types of doors including exterior doors of residential and commercial buildings, internal doors, cupboard doors and vehicle doors. There are many designs of door handle, depending on the appropriate use. A large number of handles, particularly for commercial and residential doors, incorporate latching or locking mechanisms or are manufactured to fit to standardised door locking or latching mechanisms. The most common types of door handle are the lever handle and the doorknob. Door handles can be made out of a plethora of materials. Examples include brass, porcelain, cut glass, wood, and bronze. Door handles have been in existence for at least 5000 years, and its design has evolved since, with more advanced mechanism, types, and designs made. Some door handles are also arm or foot operated to reduce transmission of contagious illnesses.

The most common type of door handle is the Lever latch or Latch door handle on a backplate found in residential houses and commercial and public buildings. Doors fitted with this handle have a latch that keeps the door shut. The door handle has only a lever handle or knob which operates this latch. Pushing the handle down rotates the spindle, operating the tubular latch mechanism inside the door, allowing it to be opened. This type of door handle is used on interior doors that do not require to be locked. The lever latch handle is easy to install and use, and is available in a variety of styles and finishes. The doorknob has a spindle running through it that sits just above a cylinder, to which the spindle is connected. Pushing the lever or turning the knob pulls the cylinder in the direction of the turn. The end of the cylinder is the "latch bolt" (more simply known as the "latch"), which protrudes into a space carved out of the door frame, and which prevents the door from being opened if the knob is not turned. A spring or similar mechanism causes the latch to return to its protruding state whenever the knob is not being turned. The Lever lock door handle on a backplate is another type of door handle which operates similarly to the lever latch door handle. This type of handle on a backplate consists of a lever with a keyhole cut just below it. This allows a key to be inserted into the door to control a mortice sash lock. Just the like the lever latch, the door can be opened and shut by pushing the handle, but it can also be locked with a key. This locking mechanism is used on doors which can be opened by turning the handle if not locked, but can also be locked, requiring a key to open them. The Lever Bathroom is typically used on bathroom doors as they can be locked and unlocked easily from the inside by turning the snib, but in an emergency can be opened from the outside by fitting a coin or similar object into a slot and rotating it. This lock is fitted with a mortice sash with the attached to a 5mm spindle which passes through the door. The Lever Privacy is functionally similar to the Lever Bathroom in that it is locked by turning a snib on the inside and can be unlocked from the outside in emergencies. Unlike the Lever Bathroom, there is no mortice sash; locking is achieved by jamming the lever in a closed position. Pull door handles or simply Pull handles are U shaped, and are used especially in the kitchen but also for drawers. Usually made of stainless steel.

Door handles have been in existence at least since the Neolithic period. Locking or latching mechanisms have existed from about the same time. Key operated door locks have existed at least since Egyptian civilisation. The keys of these locks, which could be as large as two feet long, also functioned as door handles to slide a locking bolt and open the door. Subsequently Roman domuses and insulae incorporated lockable doors of a different design but also opened by a combined handle/key. Although available, these key lockable doors were relatively rare. Houses were almost always occupied so most lockable doors would feature a sliding bolt or a drop in bar that allowed the building to be locked from the inside. The bolt or bar bracket acted as a handle. Although interior doors were less common in Rome than in modern buildings, the Romans had recognisably modern interior doors including door handles. Doors excavated from Lake Nemi and dated to around 1st Century CE feature knob shaped handles. In Asia, China by the 4th Century CE was producing a range of automated doors, door locks and door bars. There is little record of door handle development between the Fall of Rome and about 1000 CE. The oldest European doors include the Bernward Doors and the Westminster Abbey door. The Bernward doors have large decorative ring shaped handles of a type that became common on decorated doors from that period onwards. The Westminster Abbey door features a sliding bolt that can also function as a handle. From at least the Middle Ages blacksmiths made drop latches which could be opened by a handle connected to the latch by a split pin passing through the door. Taking the form of a ring or strip, these handles could be elaborate and decorated but were universally made of metal. It can be speculated that since the task of making door hardware fell to the blacksmith, the use of turned or carved wooden knobs was not convenient. Wooden latches are also known from this period. A finger hole could be made that allowed the user to raise the latch from the other side of the door. The finger hole would double as a grip or handle. In another common design, transferred motion to open the latch was effected by a string passing through the door, which could be withdrawn from the inside to effectively lock the door to outsiders. In this case the door might also have a basic handle carved or turned from wood. Vertical handles with an incorporated latch mechanism, known as Suffolk latches were developed. By the mid 18th Century, forged vertical handles were being were being replaced by cast vertical handles, including the Norfolk latch. The early 17th Century also saw metalworking of a standard that allowed mortise locks and latches and compact rim locks and latches to be made for use in the most expensive buildings. These locks used a twisting motion to operate, accelerating development in decorative doorknobs. The Industrial Revolution dramatically reduced the cost of lock and latch manufacture with lock designers including Barronin, Chubb and Bramah competing against each other around the end of the 18th century. From the 18th century, a wide variety of lever handles and knobs started to be produced, with designs determined by local aesthetic preference and technology. Knobs could be cast, turned, brazed or spun from a variety of materials. Levers could be wrought or cast. Designs became more complicated and might include a rose or escutcheon plate. Until about 1830 door handle manufacture in the western world was almost entirely European. In 1838 the USA was importing between 80 and 95% of its door handles. Between 1830 and 1876, the date of the Centennial Exposition, door handle manufacture grew rapidly in the US; more than 100 patents were filed for door handle and doorknob improvements in that time. Emerson wrote of handles in his "The American Scholar" address. Peter Behrens, Walter Gropius and Antoni Gaudi all produced handle designs, many of which continue to be manufactured. opposite on the jamb is the "latchplate", creating or reinforcing the hole receiving a latch, bolt, or plunger.

Car door handles may protrude from the vehicle's exterior surface or be streamlined into the vehicle's contour (as in a Tesla, for example). In some automobiles, especially luxury vehicles, the door handles may feature a key less entry pad utilizing either a numerical code, thumb scan or face recognition.

On a balcony whose door has an outside shutter, a special door handle is used on the outer side. The protruding part of such handle (usually ring shaped) can be folded sideways, so that the shutter can be fully closed without being obstructed by the door handle.

A pocket door handle is a recessed rectangular insert, typically with operating hardware called a door pull. Door handles can also be called "handle sets". In addition there are door handles that are flush mount and require pressing rather than turning or gripping, and there are touch free, electronic, and motion sensor door handles.

Door handles play a role in the spread of some infections. Infection transmission can occur when an individual touches a handle and subsequently touches their eyes, nose or mouth. However, some materials, e. g. brass, copper and silver, are slowly poisonous to many germs. The exact mechanism is not known, but is commonly thought to be via the oligodynamic effect, perhaps by some other electrostatic effect. Brass and copper, for example, disinfect themselves of many door handle bacteria within eight hours. Other materials such as glass, porcelain, stainless steel and aluminium do not have this effect. To avoid hand contact, some door handles are designed to be operated by the arm or foot.