Адам ағзасындағы липопротеин липазасы

Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) (EC 3.1.1.34, systematic name triacylglycerol acylhydrolase (lipoprotein dependent)) is a member of the lipase gene family, which includes pancreatic lipase, hepatic lipase, and endothelial lipase. It is a water soluble enzyme that hydrolyzes triglycerides in lipoproteins, such as those found in chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins (VLDL), into two free fatty acids and one monoacylglycerol molecule:

triacylglycerol + H2O = diacylglycerol + a carboxylate

It is also involved in promoting the cellular uptake of chylomicron remnants, cholesterol rich lipoproteins, and free fatty acids. LPL requires ApoC II as a cofactor. LPL is attached to the luminal surface of endothelial cells in capillaries by the protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol HDL binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1) and by heparan sulfated peptidoglycans. It is most widely distributed in adipose, heart, and skeletal muscle tissue, as well as in lactating mammary glands.

In brief, LPL is secreted from heart, muscle and adipose parenchymal cells as a glycosylated homodimer, after which it is translocated through the extracellular matrix and across endothelial cells to the capillary lumen. After translation, the newly synthesized protein is glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum. The glycosylation sites of LPL are Asn 43, Asn 257, and Asn 359. Glucosidases then remove terminal glucose residues; it was once believed that this glucose trimming is responsible for the conformational change needed for LPL to form homodimers and become catalytically active. In the Golgi apparatus, the oligosaccharides are further altered to result in either two complex chains, or two complex and one high mannose chain. Homodimerization is required before LPL can be secreted from cells. After secretion, LPL is carried across endothelial cells and presented into the capillary lumen by the protein glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored high density lipoprotein binding protein 1.

Crystal structures of LPL complexed with GPIHBP1 have been reported. LPL is composed of two distinct regions: the larger N terminus domain that contains the lipolytic active site, and the smaller C terminus domain. These two regions are attached by a peptide linker. The N terminus domain has an α/β hydrolase fold, which is a globular structure containing a central β sheet surrounded by α helices. The C terminus domain is a β sandwich formed by two β sheet layers, and resembles an elongated cylinder.

The active site of LPL is composed of the conserved Ser 132, Asp 156, and His 241 triad. Other important regions of the N terminal domain for catalysis includes an oxyanion hole (Trp 55, Leu 133), a lid region (residues 216 239), as well as a β5 loop (residues 54 64). The C terminal domain is also important for binding to LDL’s receptors. Both the N and C terminal domains contain heparin binding sites distal to the lipid binding sites; LPL therefore serves as a bridge between the cell surface and lipoproteins. Importantly, LPL binding to the cell surface or receptors is not dependent on its catalytic activity. The LPL non covalent homodimer has a head to tail arrangement of the monomers. The Ser/Asp/His triad is in a hydrophobic groove that is blocked from solvent by the lid. It is estimated that up to forty LPL dimers may act simultaneously on a single lipoprotein. LPL functions as a homodimer, and has the dual functions of triglyceride hydrolase and ligand/bridging factor for receptor mediated lipoprotein uptake. Through catalysis, VLDL is converted to IDL and then to LDL. Severe mutations that cause LPL deficiency result in type I hyperlipoproteinemia, while less extreme mutations in LPL are linked to many disorders of lipoprotein metabolism.

LPL is controlled transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. The circadian clock may be important in the control of Lpl mRNA levels in peripheral tissues. LPL isozymes are regulated differently depending on the tissue. For example, insulin is known to activate LPL in adipocytes and its placement in the capillary endothelium. By contrast, insulin has been shown to decrease expression of muscle LPL. Muscle and myocardial LPL is instead activated by glucagon and adrenaline. This helps to explain why during fasting, LPL activity increases in muscle tissue and decreases in adipose tissue, whereas after a meal, the opposite occurs. The concentration of LPL displayed on endothelial cell surface cannot be regulated by endothelial cells, as they neither synthesize nor degrade LPL. Instead, this regulation occurs by managing the flux of LPL arriving at the lipolytic site and by regulating the activity of LPL present on the endothelium. A key protein involved in controlling the activity of LPL is ANGPTL4, which serves as a local inhibitor of LPL. Induction of ANGPTL4 accounts for the inhibition of LPL activity in white adipose tissue during fasting. Growing evidence implicates ANGPTL4 in the physiological regulation of LPL activity in a variety of tissues. An ANGPTL3 4 8 model was proposed to explain the variations of LPL activity during the fed fast cycle. Specifically, feeding induces ANGPTL8, activating the ANGPTL8–ANGPTL3 pathway, which inhibits LPL in cardiac and skeletal muscles, thereby making circulating triglycerides available for uptake by white adipose tissue, in which LPL activity is elevated owing to diminished ANGPTL4; the reverse is true during fasting, which suppresses ANGPTL8 but induces ANGPTL4, thereby directing triglycerides to muscles. The model suggests a general framework for how triglyceride trafficking is regulated. In mice, overexpression of LPL has been shown to cause insulin resistance, and to promote obesity. LPL expression has been shown to be a prognostic predictor in Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In this haematological disorder, LPL appears to provide fatty acids as an energy source to malignant cells. Thus, elevated levels of LPL mRNA or protein are considered to be indicators of poor prognosis.

Lipoprotein lipase has been shown to interact with LRP1. It is also a ligand for α2M, GP330, and VLDL receptors.