Криттік көтерілісші Даскалояннис: кемеші және қайырымды көшбасшы

Greek shipbuilder and shipowner

Ioannis Vlachos (Ιωάννης Βλάχος), better known as Daskalogiannis (Δασκαλογιάννης; 1722/30 – 17 June 1771) was a wealthy shipbuilder and shipowner who led a Cretan revolt against Ottoman rule in the 18th century.

Ioannis Vlachos was born in Anopolis village in Sfakia, a then semi autonomous region of Crete, in 1722 or 1730. His father, who was also a wealthy shipowner, sent him to be educated abroad. Due to his education, his compatriots called him "Daskalos" (teacher), hence his nickname Daskalogiannis, literally "John the Teacher." He is referred to as a town clerk in 1750, as chairman of the region of Sfakia in 1765, and as the owner of four, three mast merchant ships. These would have sailed from Omprosgialos and the gulf of Loutro. When the Turks attacked Daskalogiannis and his men on the Krapi plateau, the rebels suffered a crushing defeat and had to take refuge in the high mountains. The Turks held the rebels in check, while they destroyed many of the villages in the area, scattered the inhabitants' flocks of sheep, looted the province, captured many inhabitants and sold them in the slave market in Chándakas (Iraklion). Daskalogiannis' uncle, the rural dean, was also taken prisoner. The Russian intervention, promised to Daskalogiannis, failed to materialize and the uprising did not spread to the lowlands. On 18 March 1771 the Turks gave the rebels an ultimatum. If they surrendered they would be granted safe passage, but the ultimatum was simultaneously accompanied by a document with peace terms. The document contained 12 items:

1. They were to pay the taxes they had refused to pay the year before. 2. They were to surrender their arms and provisions. 3. They were to surrender their leaders, who would be taken to Iraklion for legal proceedings. 4. They were no longer to have neither contact with nor provision the Christian ships approaching their harbours. 5. They were to assist in arresting the crews on the Christian ships and take them to Iraklion. 6. The judiciary in Sfakia was to be managed by a justice of the peace appointed by the Turkish government in Iraklion. 7. The churches were not to be either repaired or restored. As were no new churches to be built. 8. They were to pay tithe according to the sultans' firman (statutory instrument). 9. No tall houses (castle towers) were to be built, and no Christian symbols were allowed on the existing buildings. 10. It was prohibited to hold religious celebrations, as was ringing forbidden. 11. The captured Muslims were to be released. 12. The Sfakiots were to wear the specific clothes for subjugated Greeks. When Daskalogiannis realized that the battle was lost, he surrendered to the Turks in the hope that it would ease the situation for his compatriots. It is also said that his brother, Nikolós Sgouromállis, who had already been taken prisoner, was forced to write him a letter in which he pointed out the Turks' good will. Daskalogiannis was taken to Iraklion together with his most trusted men, but rather than keeping the promise of the ultimatum the pasha of the town had in place a cruel punishment. On 17 June 1771 Daskalogiannis was, in the full daylight of publicity, tortured, skinned alive and then beaten to death, an ordeal that he endured in complete silence. His brother was forced to watch the torture which drove him insane.

Daskalogiannis was married to Sgouromallini, their daughters Anthousa and Maria fought alongside their father during the course of the revolt. Sgouromallini and Anthousa were killed in its aftermath. Maria was enslaved and given to the Ottoman vizier, who in turn gifted to the teftedar of Heraklion. The latter married Maria, without forcing her to convert to Islam (according to the custom of the time) and the two moved to Constantinople. After her husband's death in 1816, Maria inherited a considerable amount of money donating to the Greek revolutionaries following the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence.