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Type of warship intended to escort other larger ships

In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast, maneuverable, long endurance warship intended to escort
larger vessels in a fleet, convoy, or carrier battle group and defend them against a wide range of general threats. They were originally conceived in 1885 by Fernando Villaamil for the Spanish Navy as a defense against torpedo boats, and by the time of the Russo Japanese War in 1904, these "torpedo boat destroyers" (TBDs) were "large, swift, and powerfully armed torpedo boats designed to destroy other torpedo boats". Although the term "destroyer" had been used interchangeably with "TBD" and "torpedo boat destroyer" by navies since 1892, the term "torpedo boat destroyer" had been generally shortened to simply "destroyer" by nearly all navies by the First World War. Before World War II, destroyers were light vessels with little endurance for unattended ocean operations; typically, a number of destroyers and a single destroyer tender operated together. After the war, destroyers grew in size. The American s had a displacement of 2,200 tons, while the has a displacement of up to 9,600 tons, a difference of nearly 340%. Moreover, the advent of guided missiles allowed destroyers to take on the surface combatant roles previously filled by battleships and cruisers. This resulted in larger and more powerful guided missile destroyers more capable of independent operation. At the start of the 21st century, destroyers are the global standard for surface combatant ships, with only two nations (the United States and Russia) officially operating the heavier cruisers, with no battleships or true battlecruisers remaining. Modern guided missile destroyers are equivalent in tonnage but vastly superior in firepower to cruisers of the World War II era, and are capable of carrying nuclear tipped cruise missiles. At 510 feet (155 m) long, a displacement of 9,200 tons, and with an armament of more than 90 missiles, guided missile destroyers such as the Arleigh Burke class are actually larger and more heavily armed than most previous ships classified as guided missile cruisers. The Chinese Type 055 destroyer has been described as a cruiser in some US Navy reports due to its size and armament. Many NATO navies, such as the Canadian, French, Spanish, Dutch, Danish, and German, use the term "frigate" for their destroyers, which leads to some confusion.

The emergence and development of the destroyer was related to the invention of the self propelled torpedo in the 1860s. A navy now had the potential to destroy a superior enemy battle fleet using steam launches to fire torpedoes. Cheap, fast boats armed with torpedoes called torpedo boats were built and became a threat to large capital ships near enemy coasts. The first seagoing vessel designed to launch the self propelled Whitehead torpedo was the 33 ton in 1876. She was armed with two drop collars to launch these weapons; these were replaced in 1879 by a single torpedo tube in the bow. By the 1880s, the type had evolved into small ships of 50–100 tons, fast enough to evade enemy picket boats. At first, the threat of a torpedo boat attack to a battle fleet was considered to exist only when at anchor, but as faster and longer range torpedo boats and torpedoes were developed, the threat extended to cruising at sea. In response to this new threat, more heavily gunned picket boats called "catchers" were built, which were used to escort the battle fleet at sea. They needed significant seaworthiness and endurance to operate with the battle fleet, and as they inherently became larger, they became officially designated "torpedo boat destroyers", and by the First World War were largely known as "destroyers" in English. The antitorpedo boat origin of this type of ship is retained in its name in other languages, including French (contre torpilleur), Italian (cacciatorpediniere), Portuguese (contratorpedeiro), Czech (torpédoborec), Greek (antitorpiliko, αντιτορπιλικό), Dutch (torpedobootjager) and, up until the Second World War, Polish (kontrtorpedowiec, now obsolete). Once destroyers became more than just catchers guarding an anchorage, they were recognized to be also ideal to take over the offensive role of torpedo boats themselves, so they were also fitted with torpedo tubes in addition to their antitorpedo boat guns. At that time, and even into World War I, the only function of destroyers was to protect their own battle fleet from enemy torpedo attacks and to make such attacks on the battleships of the enemy. The task of escorting merchant convoys was still in the future.

An important development came with the construction of HMS Swift in 1884, later redesignated TB 81. This was a large (137 ton) torpedo boat with four 47 mm quick firing guns and three torpedo tubes. At , while still not fast enough to engage enemy torpedo boats reliably, the ship at least had the armament to deal with them. Another forerunner of the torpedo boat destroyer (TBD) was the Japanese torpedo boat Japanese warship Kotaka (Falcon), built in 1885. Designed to Japanese specifications and ordered from the Isle of Dogs, London Yarrow shipyard in 1885, she was transported in parts to Japan, where she was assembled and launched in 1887. The 165 feet (50 m) long vessel was armed with four 1 pounder (37 mm) quick firing guns and six torpedo tubes, reached , and at 203 tons, was the largest torpedo boat built to date. In her trials in 1889, Kotaka demonstrated that she could exceed the role of coastal defense, and was capable of accompanying larger warships on the high seas. The Yarrow shipyards, builder of the parts for Kotaka, "considered Japan to have effectively invented the destroyer". The German aviso , launched in 1886, was designed as a "Torpedojäger" (torpedo hunter), intended to screen the fleet against attacks by torpedo boats. The ship was significantly larger than torpedo boats of the period, displacing some , with an armament of guns and Hotchkiss revolver cannon.

The first vessel designed for the explicit purpose of hunting and destroying torpedo boats was the torpedo gunboat. Essentially very small cruisers, torpedo gunboats were equipped with torpedo tubes and an adequate gun armament, intended for hunting down smaller enemy boats. By the end of the 1890s, torpedo gunboats were made obsolete by their more successful contemporaries, the TBDs, which were much faster. The first example of this was , designed by Nathaniel Barnaby in 1885, and commissioned in response to the Russian War scare. The gunboat was armed with torpedoes and designed for hunting and destroying smaller torpedo boats. Exactly 200 feet (61 m) long and 23 feet (7 m) in beam, she displaced 550 tons. Built of steel, Rattlesnake was unarmoured with the exception of a inch protective deck. She was armed with a single 4 inch/25 pounder breech loading gun, six 3 pounder QF guns and four torpedo tubes, arranged with two fixed tubes at the bow and a set of torpedo dropping carriages on either side. Four torpedo reloads were carried. He asked several British shipyards to submit proposals capable of fulfilling these specifications. In 1885, the Spanish Navy chose the design submitted by the shipyard of James and George Thomson of Clydebank. Spanish warship Destructor (Destroyer in Spanish) was laid down at the end of the year, launched in 1886, and commissioned in 1887. Some authors considered her as the first destroyer ever built. She displaced 348 tons, and was the first warship equipped with twin triple expansion engines generating , for a maximum speed of , which made her one of the faster ships in the world in 1888. She was armed with one Spanish designed Hontoria breech loading gun, four (6 pounder) Nordenfelt guns, two (3 pdr) Hotchkiss cannons and two Schwartzkopff torpedo tubes. These ships all featured a turtleback (i. e. rounded) forecastle that was characteristic of early British TBDs. and were both built by Thornycroft, displaced 260 tons (287.8 tons full load), and were 185 feet in length. They were armed with one 12 pounder gun and three 6 pounder guns, with one fixed 18 in torpedo tube in the bow plus two more torpedo tubes on a revolving mount abaft the two funnels. Later, the bow torpedo tube was removed and two more 6 pounder guns added, instead. They produced 4,200 hp from a pair of Thornycroft water tube boilers, giving them a top speed of 27 knots, giving the range and speed to travel effectively with a battle fleet. In common with subsequent early Thornycroft boats, they had sloping sterns and double rudders. The French navy, an extensive user of torpedo boats, built its first TBD in 1899, with the torpilleur d'escadre. The United States commissioned its first TBD, Bainbridge, Destroyer No. 1, in 1902, and by 1906, 16 destroyers were in service with the US Navy.

The TBD's first major use in combat came during the Japanese surprise attack on the Russian fleet anchored in Port Arthur at the opening of the Russo Japanese War on 8 February 1904. Three destroyer divisions attacked the Russian fleet in port, firing a total of 18 torpedoes, but only two Russian battleships, Russian battleship Tsesarevich and Russian battleship Retvizan, and a protected cruiser, Russian cruiser Pallada, were seriously damaged due to the proper deployment of torpedo nets. Tsesarevich, the Russian flagship, had her nets deployed, with at least four enemy torpedoes "hung up" in them, and other warships were similarly saved from further damage by their nets. While capital ship engagements were scarce in World War I, destroyer units engaged almost continually in raiding and patrol actions. The first shot of the war at sea was fired on 5 August 1914 by , one of the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla, in an engagement with the German auxiliary minelayer
Destroyers were involved in the skirmishes that prompted the Battle of Heligoland Bight, and filled a range of roles in the Battle of Gallipoli, acting as troop transports and as fire support vessels, as well as their fleet screening role. Over 80 British destroyers and 60 German torpedo boats took part in the Battle of Jutland, which involved pitched small boat actions between the main fleets, and several foolhardy attacks by unsupported destroyers on capital ships. Jutland also concluded with a messy night action between the German High Seas Fleet and part of the British destroyer screen. The threat evolved by World War I with the development of the submarine, or U boat. The submarine had the potential to hide from gunfire and close underwater to fire torpedoes. Early war destroyers had the speed and armament to intercept submarines before they submerged, either by gunfire or by ramming. Destroyers also had a shallow enough draft that they were difficult to hit with torpedoes. The desire to attack submarines under water led to rapid destroyer evolution during the war. They were quickly equipped with strengthened bows for ramming, and depth charges and hydrophones for identifying submarine targets. The first submarine casualty credited to a destroyer was the German , rammed by on 29 October 1914. While U 19 was only damaged, the next month, successfully sank The first depth charge sinking was on 4 December 1916, when was sunk by HMS Llewellyn. The submarine threat meant that many destroyers spent their time on antisubmarine patrol. Once Germany adopted unrestricted submarine warfare in January 1917, destroyers were called on to escort merchant convoys. US Navy destroyers were among the first American units to be dispatched upon the American entry to the war, and a squadron of Japanese destroyers even joined Allied patrols in the Mediterranean. Patrol duty was far from safe; of the 67 British destroyers lost in the war, collisions accounted for 18, while 12 were wrecked. At the end of the war, the state of the art was represented by the British W class.

The trend during World War I had been towards larger destroyers with heavier armaments. A number of opportunities to fire at capital ships had been missed during the war, because destroyers had expended all their torpedoes in an initial salvo. The British V and W classes of the late war had sought to address this by mounting six torpedo tubes in two triple mounts, instead of the four or two on earlier models. The V and W classes set the standard of destroyer building well into the 1920s. Two Romanian destroyers NMS Mărăști and NMS Mărășești, though, had the greatest firepower of all destroyers in the world throughout the first half of the 1920s. This was largely because, between their commissioning in 1920 and 1926, they retained the armament that they had while serving in the Italian Navy as scout cruisers (esploratori). When initially ordered by Romania in 1913, the Romanian specifications envisioned three 120 mm guns, a caliber which would eventually be adopted as the standard for future Italian destroyers. Armed with three 152 mm and four 76 mm guns after being completed as scout cruisers, the two warships were officially re rated as destroyers by the Romanian Navy. The two Romanian warships were thus the destroyers with the greatest firepower in the world throughout much of the interwar period. As of 1939, when the Second World War started, their artillery, although changed, was still close to cruiser standards, amounting to nine heavy naval guns (five of 120 mm and four of 76 mm). In addition, they retained their two twin 457 mm torpedo tubes and two machine guns, plus the capacity to carry up to 50 mines. The next major innovation came with the Japanese or "special type", designed in 1923 and delivered in 1928. The design was initially noted for its powerful armament of six 5 inch (127 mm) guns and three triple torpedo mounts. The second batch of the class gave the guns high angle turrets for antiaircraft warfare, and the , oxygen fueled Long Lance Type 93 torpedo. The later of 1931 further improved the torpedo armament by storing its reload torpedoes close at hand in the superstructure, allowing reloading within 15 minutes. Most other nations replied with similar larger ships. The US adopted twin 5 inch (127 mm) guns, and the subsequent and es (the latter of 1934) increased the number of torpedo tubes to 12 and 16, respectively. In the Mediterranean, the Italian Navy's building of very fast light cruisers of the prompted the French to produce exceptional destroyer designs. The French had long been keen on large destroyers, with their of 1922 displacing over 2,000 tons and carrying 130 mm guns; a further three similar classes were produced around 1930. The of 1935 carried five guns and nine torpedo tubes, but could achieve speeds of , which remains the record speed for a steamship and for any destroyer. The Italians' own destroyers were almost as swift; most Italian designs of the 1930s were rated at over , while carrying torpedoes and either four or six 120 mm guns. Germany started to build destroyers again during the 1930s as part of Hitler's rearmament program. The Germans were also fond of large destroyers, but while the initial Type 1934 displaced over 3,000 tons, their armament was equal to smaller vessels. This changed from the Type 1936 onwards, which mounted heavy guns. German destroyers also used innovative high pressure steam machinery; while this should have helped their efficiency, it more often resulted in mechanical problems. Once German and Japanese rearmament became clear, the British and American navies consciously focused on building destroyers that were smaller, but more numerous than those used by other nations. The British built a series of destroyers (the to ), which were about 1,400 tons standard displacement, and had four guns and eight torpedo tubes; the American of 1938 was similar in size, but carried five guns and ten torpedo tubes. Realizing the need for heavier gun armament, the British built the of 1936 (sometimes called Afridi after one of two lead ships). These ships displaced 1,850 tons and were armed with eight guns in four twin turrets and four torpedo tubes. These were followed by the J class and L class destroyers, with six guns in twin turrets and eight torpedo tubes. Antisubmarine sensors included sonar (or ASDIC), although training in their use was indifferent. Antisubmarine weapons changed little, and ahead throwing weapons, a need recognized in World War I, had made no progress.

During the 1920s and 1930s, destroyers were often deployed to areas of diplomatic tension or humanitarian disaster. British and American destroyers were common on the Chinese coast and rivers, even supplying landing parties to protect colonial interests. By World War II, the threat had evolved once again. Submarines were more effective, and aircraft had become important weapons of naval warfare; once again the early war fleet destroyers were ill equipped for combating these new targets. They were fitted with new light antiaircraft guns, radar, and forward launched ASW weapons, in addition to their existing dual purpose guns, depth charges, and torpedoes. Increasing size allowed improved internal arrangement of propulsion machinery with compartmentation, so ships were less likely to be sunk by a single hit. two Luyang I class destroyers, six Luyang II class destroyers, 24 Luyang III class destroyers and two Luzhou class destroyers. China also operates two Luhu class destroyers, one Luhai class destroyer and four class destroyers that are of older models. It is notable that the Renhai class (Type 055) is considered to be a cruiser by NATO and the U. S. Department of Defense for its tonnage and capability matching that of the (Taiwan) operates four s, purchased from the United States. operates two s and eight FREMM Multipurpose frigates of the Aquitaine class variant. The French Navy does not use the term "destroyer" but rather "first rate frigate" for these ship types, but they are marked with the NATO "D" hull code which places them in the destroyer type, as opposed to "F" for frigate. has HS Velos, a , remains ceremonially in commission due to her historical significance. operates two s, three s, three , and three destroyers. operates two s and two Orizzonte class destroyers. operates two , two , four , two , four , five , nine , eight , and two s, along with six s. Japan also operates two and two helicopter destroyers, internationally regarded as helicopter carriers. operates three , six and three destroyers. has the which remains ceremonially in commission due to her historical significance. The Russian Navy operates two and eight destroyers. operates a single purchased from the United States for training use. operates six Type 45 or Daring class destroyers. operates 73 active guided missile destroyers (DDGs) of a planned class of 92, and also has two active destroyer of a planned class of three, all as of lc=y.

operates four s. This class's hull is MEKO 360H2 frigate. operates five s. These ships are classified as destroyers by Iran, but internationally regarded as light frigates.

operates the ENS Tahya Misr. This is one of the Aquitaine class variants of the FREMM Multipurpose frigates purchased from France, which is classified as a destroyer by France. operates three s and four s. These ships are officially classified as frigates by Germany, but regarded as destroyers internationally due to size and capability. operates the Mohammed VI. This is one of the Aquitaine class variants of the FREMM Multipurpose frigates purchased from France, which is classified as a destroyer by France. operates four s. These ships are classified as frigates by the Netherlands, but regarded as destroyers internationally due to size and capability. operates four s. These ships are subclasses of Spain's Alvaro de Bazan class, and classified as frigates, but are regarded as destroyers due to their size and armament. operates Romanian frigate Mărășești. This ship was classified as a destroyer from 1990 to 2001, when she was reclassified as a frigate. No official reason was given for this and there was no change in armament or capability, thus remaining in the destroyer type. operates five s. These ships are officially classified as a frigates by Spain, but due to their size and capabilities are regarded internationally as destroyers.

lost its entire navy upon the Empire's collapse following World War I.
lost its entire navy upon its conquest by the Bolsheviks in 1921.
sold its two and s to Peru in 1933, to prevent their capture by the Soviet Union. transferred its only back to Japan in 1942.
decommissioned its only in 1963.
decommissioned its last in 1965.
decommissioned its last in 1967.
decommissioned its last Z class destroyer in 1972.
decommissioned its H class destroyer in 1972.
transferred its remaining to The Philippines in 1975 following the Fall of Saigon. decommissioned its last W class destroyer in 1976.
decommissioned its only destroyer, Yugoslav destroyer Split in 1980.
decommissioned both its and four s in 1982 following defense reviews. decommissioned both its s and its lone in 1986.
decommissioned its last in 1991.
lone was destroyed by a fire in 1992.
decommissioned its lone in 1994.
decommissioned its lone in 1997.
decommissioned its last in 2000.
decommissioned its lone in 2003.
decommissioned its last in 2004.
decommissioned its last s in 2005.
decommissioned its last in 2006.
decommissioned its last in 2007.
decommissioned its last Garcia class destroyer escort in 2008.
decommissioned its last in 2011.
decommissioned its last in 2015.
decommissioned its last Z class destroyer in 2016.
decommissioned its last in 2017.
decommissioned its last in 2018.
decommissioned its last in 2023.

plans to build 7,000 ton destroyers after the delivery of the new frigates, and TKMS presented to the Navy its most modern 7,200 ton MEKO A 400 air defense destroyer, an updated version of the German F 125 class frigates. The similarities between the projects and the high rate of commonality between requirements were also crucial for the consortium's victory. is adding six more Type 052D destroyer and sixteen more Type 055 destroyer class ships to its navy. is building five new Amiral Ronarc'h class destroyers (classed as "first rank frigates" in the French Navy). has ordered three Frégate de défense et d'intervention (with an option on a fourth) from France. is building four s, of which two have been commissioned. The nation has also begun development of its Next Generation Destroyer (NGD), also referred to as Project 18 class destroyers. is currently building 1 2 s.
is currently researching development into their new DDX project to replace their Durand da le Penne class destroyers. Is developing plans for its DDR Destroyer Revolution Project. has begun development of its KDX IIA destroyers. These ships are to be a subclass of South Korea's s. The first unit is expected to enter service in 2019. Additionally, s are being built. has begun development of its Design work was ongoing as of 2020.
is currently developing its TF2000 class destroyer as the largest part of the MILGEM project. A total of seven ships will be constructed and will specialise in anti air warfare. is in the early stages of developing a Type 83 destroyer design after the unveiling of these plans in the 2021 defence white paper. The class is projected to replace the current Type 45 destroyer fleet beginning in the latter 2030s. , currently has 19 additional Arleigh Burke destroyers planned or under construction. The new ships will be the upgraded "flight III" version. The United States has also started development of its DDG(X) next generation destroyer project. Construction of the first ship is expected to start in 2028.