Кремль қабырстандығы: Совет Одағының қадірлі тұлғаларының соңғы тыныс алатын жері

Burial site in central Moscow

The Kremlin Wall Necropolis is the former national cemetery of the Soviet Union, located in Red Square in Moscow beside the Kremlin Wall. Burials there began in November 1917, when 240 pro Bolsheviks who died during the Moscow Bolshevik Uprising were buried in mass graves. The improvised burial site gradually transformed into the centerpiece of military and civilian honor during the Second World War. It is centered on Lenin's Mausoleum, initially built in wood in 1924 and rebuilt in granite in 1929–30. After the last mass burial in Red Square in 1921, funerals there were usually conducted as state ceremonies and reserved as the final honor for highly venerated politicians, military leaders, cosmonauts, and scientists. In 1925–1927, burials in the ground were stopped; funerals were now conducted as burials of cremated ash in the Kremlin wall itself. Burials in the ground resumed with Mikhail Kalinin's funeral in 1946. The Kremlin Wall was the de facto resting place of the Soviet Union's deceased national icons. Burial there was a status symbol among Soviet citizens. The practice of burying dignitaries at Red Square ended with the funeral of General Secretary Konstantin Chernenko in March 1985. The Kremlin Wall Necropolis was designated a protected landmark in 1974. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, citizens of the Russian Federation and many other former post Soviet states continue to pay their respects to the national heroes at the Kremlin Wall.

Between the 1917 October Revolution and June 1927, the area outside the Kremlin wall between the Senate and Nikolskaya towers was used for mass and individual burials of people who had to some extent contributed to the socialist revolution or the Bolshevik cause. This included ordinary soldiers killed in battle, victims of the Civil War, militia men fallen while fighting anti Bolsheviks and noted Bolshevik politicians, as well as individuals associated with creating the new Soviet society. Burial plots of the 1917–1927 period are currently organized into 15 landscaped grave sites with the names of the buried inscribed on black marble tablets. Table: List of burials (by grave) in Red Square ground, 1917–1927Grave Name No. 1 A. I. Vantorin, P. G. Tiapkin, I. S. Erov, H. M. Snegirev, Vladimir Zagorsky (1919), A. Nikolaeva, I. M. Ignatova, M. Volkova, S. Arafoshin, S. Goriunov, I. Dudinsky, X. Zvonov. No. 2 I. Zimin, I. Ivanov, S. Kokorev, A. Kosarev, N. N. Kropotov, A. N. Khaldina, G. V. Titov, Mark Mokryak (1919), P. Kospianik, V. Krashenilnikov, A. Leshikov, F. Lizenko. No. 3 Anton Khorak (1918), F. Lysenkov, I. Petukhov, V. Romanov, G. N. Razorepov Nikitin, Aleksandr Safonov (1919), X. Kolbin, A. L. Krash, M. Ryzhev, A. Smirnov, F. Sologudinov, X. Sopliakov. No. 4 S. Fedorov, S. Khokhlov, S. Tsipliakov, V. Shefarevich, Vadim Podbelsky (1920), Alexander Kuchutenkov (1918), I. M. Valdovsky, Yegor Shvyrkov, Nikolay Pryamikov, F. Drozdov, D. Esulov, G. V. Tomsky. No. 5 A. A. Sukharev, G. L. Elagin, I. G. Stepachev, Inessa Armand (1920), John Reed (1920), Ivan Rusakov (1921), Semyon Pekalov (1918), X. Stefanovich, K. Volsky, X. Taraev. No. 6 Victor Nogin (1924), Lev Karpov (1921), Vitaly Kovshov (1920), Vasily Likhachev (1924), Van Chzhan. No. 7 D. M. Vorovskaya, Vaclav Vorovsky (1922), Nariman Narimanov (1924), Pyotr Voykov (1927), Anton Stankevich (1919), P. A. Zasukhin, D. I. Iudichev, S. P. Kapelin, I. V. Kotov. No. 8 P. P. Sherbakov, Pavel Andreev (1917), A. A. Kireev, M. Draudyn, Ivan Khomyakov (1920), Mikhail Yanyshev (1920), L. A. Lisinova, Ivan Smilga (1918), V. E. Morozov, S. A. Shiriaev, L. F. Mikhailov. No. 9 A. P. Saporoshez, Yakov Bocharov (1920), A. T. Timofeev, Augusta Aasen (1920). No. 10 G. Timofeev, A. A. Iniushev, I. Gavrikov, M. T. Usoltsev. No. 11 T. A. Baskakov, S. V. Vladimirov, T. F. Nedelkin, N. R. Trunov, V. E. Voitovich. No. 12 A. Sakharov, Fyodor Sergeyev (1921), E. N. Silunov, A. P. Voronov, I. A. Nazarov, G. A. Skvortsov. No. 13 Ivan Zhilin (1922), Ivan Konstantinov (1921), Valerian Abakovsky (1921), Paul Freeman (1921). No. 14 O. Vever, O. K. Virzemnek, I. E. Zweinek, Heinrich Zweinek (1919), Yefim Afonin (1922), Otto Strupat (1921), Oskar Hellbrück (1921), John William Hewlett (1921), Alexander Kvardakov (1918), X. Stepanov. No. 15 Alexander Gadomsky (1918), Felix Barasevich (1918).

In July 1917, hundreds of soldiers of the Russian Northern Front were arrested for mutiny and desertion and locked up in Daugavpils (then Dvinsk) fortress. Later, 869 Dvinsk inmates were transported to Moscow. Here, the jailed soldiers launched a hunger strike; public support for them threatened to develop into a citywide riot. On 22 September, 593 inmates were released; the rest were left behind bars until the October Revolution. The released soldiers, collectively called Dvintsy, stayed in the city as a cohesive unit, based in Zamoskvorechye District and openly hostile to the ruling Provisional Government. Immediately after the October Revolution in Saint Petersburg, Dvintsy became the strike force of the Bolsheviks in Moscow. Late at night on 27–28 October, a detachment of approximately two hundred men marching north to Tverskaya Street confronted the loyalist forces near the State Historical Museum on Red Square. During the fighting, 70 of the Dvintsy, including their company commander, Sapunov, were killed at the barricades. The following day, loyalists led by Colonel Konstantin Ryabtsev succeeded in taking over the Kremlin. They gunned down the surrendered Red soldiers at the Kremlin Arsenal wall. More Red soldiers were killed as the Bolsheviks stormed the Kremlin, finally taking control on the night of 2–3 November. Street fighting tapered off after claiming nearly a thousand lives, and on 4 November the new Bolshevik administration decreed their dead would be buried at Red Square next to the Kremlin Wall, where indeed most of them were killed. Voices reached us across the immense place, and the sound of picks and shovels. We crossed over. Mountains of dirt and rock were piled high near the base of the wall. Climbing these we looked down into two massive pits, ten or fifteen feet deep and fifty yards long, where hundreds of soldiers and workers were digging in the light of huge fires. A young student spoke to us in German. "The Brotherhood Grave," he explained. – John Reed, Ten Days that Shook the World. A total of 238 dead were buried in the mass graves between Senate and Nikolskaya towers in a public funeral on November 10 (John Reed incorrectly mentions 500); as well as Dvintsev Street named after the Dvintsy force. The loyalists secured a permit to publicly bury their dead on 13 November. This funeral started at the old Moscow State University building near Kremlin; thirty seven dead were interred at the Vsekhsvyatskoye Cemetery (now demolished) in the then suburban Sokol District.

Vladimir Lenin died of a stroke on 21 January 1924. While his body lay in state in the Pillar Hall of the House of the Unions, the Politburo discussed ways to preserve it, initially for forty days, despite objections from his widow and siblings. Joseph Stalin gave instructions to install a vault for Lenin's embalmed remains inside the Kremlin wall, and on 27 January, Lenin's casket was deposited in a temporary wooden vault built in a single day. (foreign visitors were allowed inside on August 3). The contest to design and build a new, permanent, Mausoleum was announced in April 1926; construction of Alexey Shchusev's winning design began in July 1929 and was completed in sixteen months. The Mausoleum has since functioned as a government reviewing stand during public parades. The glass sarcophagus of Lenin's tomb was twice vandalized by visitors, in 1959 and 1969, leading to installation of a bulletproof glass shell. It was bombed twice, in 1963, when the terrorist was the sole victim,

The Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia has petitioned Russia to dismantle the cult of personality and bury Lenin's body, seeking to "rid Red Square of the remains of the main persecutor and executioner of the 20th century," although the Russian Orthodox Church demurs. As of 2022, Lenin's body remains in the Mausoleum, excluding the period of evacuation to Tyumen during 1941–1945.

Two days after Joseph Stalin's death, the Politburo decreed that his remains would be placed on display in the Mausoleum; it officially reopened in November 1953 with Lenin and Stalin side by side. Another plan decreed in March 1953, but never implemented, called for construction of a Pantheon in which the bodies of Lenin and Stalin would be eventually relocated. sanctioned by the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party. On 31 October 1961, the Mausoleum was quickly covered with plywood. Red Square itself was closed as a matter of routine, in preparation for the 7 November parade. Stalin's remains were quickly re interred in a deep grave, lined with concrete blocks, behind the Mausoleum; the ceremony was attended only by the state commission led by Nikolay Shvernik. The existing tomb of Stalin carved by Nikolai Tomsky was installed in June 1970.