Қопарық инфекциялары: түрлері, себептері және емдеуі

Disease caused by fungi to animals or humans

A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals, and some can be transmitted from animals to people.

Mycoses are traditionally divided into superficial, subcutaneous, or systemic, where infection is deep, more widespread and involving internal body organs. They can affect the nails, vagina, skin and mouth. Some types such as blastomycosis, cryptococcus, coccidioidomycosis and histoplasmosis, affect people who live or visit certain parts of the world. This includes people with illnesses such as HIV/AIDS, and people taking medicines such as steroids or cancer treatments. Very young and very old people, also, are groups at risk. Individuals being treated with antibiotics are at higher risk of fungal infections. Children whose immune systems are not functioning properly (such as children with cancer) are at risk of invasive fungal infections.

During the COVID 19 pandemic some fungal infections have been associated with COVID 19. Fungal infections can mimic COVID 19, occur at the same time as COVID 19 and more serious fungal infections can complicate COVID 19. The most common serious fungal infections in people with COVID 19 include aspergillosis and invasive candidiasis. COVID 19–associated mucormycosis is generally less common, but in 2021 was noted to be significantly more prevalent in India.

Fungal infections occur after spores are either breathed in, come into contact with skin or enter the body through a wound.

Keeping the skin clean and dry, as well as maintaining good hygiene, will help larger topical mycoses. Because some fungal infections are contagious, it is important to wash hands after touching other people or animals. Sports clothing should also be washed after use.

Treatment depends on the type of fungal infection, and usually requires topical or systemic antifungal medicines. Pneumocystosis that does not respond to anti fungals is treated with co trimoxazole. Sometimes, infected tissue needs to be surgically cut away. The figure has been rising, with an estimated 1.7 million deaths from fungal disease reported in 2020. According to the Global Action Fund for Fungal Infections, every year there are over 10 million cases of fungal asthma, around 3 million cases of long term aspergillosis of lungs, 1 million cases of blindness due to fungal keratitis, more than 200,000 cases of meningitis due to cryptococcus, 700,000 cases of invasive candidiasis, 500,000 cases of pneumocystosis of lungs, 250,000 cases of invasive aspergillosis, and 100,000 cases of histoplasmosis.

In 500BC, an apparent account of ulcers in the mouth by Hippocrates may have been thrush. The Hungarian microscopist based in Paris David Gruby first reported that human disease could be caused by fungi in the early 1840s.

A wide range of fungal infections occur in other animals, and some can be transmitted from animals to people, such as Microsporum canis from cats.