Ароматтық сақинадан туындылар: Арин және бензин химиясы

Organic compound made by removing substituents from an aromatic ring

In organic chemistry, arynes and benzynes are a class of highly reactive chemical species derived from an aromatic ring by removal of two substituents. Arynes are examples of didehydroarenes (1,2 didehydroarenes in this case), although 1,3 and 1,4 didehydroarenes are also known. Arynes are examples of alkynes under high strain.

The alkyne representation of benzyne is the most widely encountered. Arynes are usually described as having a strained triple bond. Geometric constraints on the triple bond in benzyne result in diminished overlap of in plane p orbitals, and thus weaker triple bond. The vibrational frequency of the triple bond in benzyne was assigned by Radziszewski to be 1846 cm−1, indicating a weaker triple bond than in unstrained alkyne with vibrational frequency of approximately 2150 cm−1. Nevertheless, benzyne is more like a strained alkyne than a diradical, as seen from the large singlet–triplet gap and alkyne like reactivity. A detailed MO analysis of benzyne was presented in 1968.

Even at low temperatures arynes are extremely reactive. Their reactivity can be classified in three main classes: (1) nucleophilic additions, (2) pericyclic reactions, and (3) bond insertion.

Upon treatment with basic nucleophiles, aryl halides deprotonate alpha to the leaving group, resulting in dehydrohalogenation. Isotope exchange studies indicate that for aryl fluorides and, sometimes, aryl chlorides, the elimination event proceeds in two steps, deprotonation, followed by expulsion of the nucleophile. Thus, the process is formally analogous to the E1cb mechanism of aliphatic compounds. Aryl bromides and iodides, on the other hand, generally appear to undergo elimination by a concerted syn coplanar E2 mechanism. The resulting benzyne forms addition products, usually by nucleophilic addition and protonation. Generation of the benzyne intermediate is the slow step in the reaction. "Aryne coupling" reactions allow for generation of biphenyl compounds which are valuable in pharmaceutical industry, agriculture and as ligands in many metal catalyzed transformations. The metal–arene product can also add to another aryne, leading to chain growth polymerization. Using copper(I) cyanide as the initiator to add to the first aryne yielded polymers containing up to about 100 arene units. When leaving group (LG) and substituent (Y) are mutually ortho or para, only one benzyne intermediate is possible. However, when LG is meta to Y, then regiochemical outcomes (A and B) are possible. If Y is electron withdrawing, then HB is more acidic than HA resulting in regioisomer B being generated. Analogously, if Y is electron donating, regioisomer A is generated, since now HA is the more acidic proton. There are two possible regioisomers of benzyne with substituent (Y): triple bond can be positioned between C2 and C3 or between C3 and C4. Substituents ortho to the leaving group will lead to the triple bond between C2 and C3. Para Y and LG will lead to regioisomer with triple bond between C3 and C4. Meta substituent can afford both regioisomers as described above. In case of triple bond located between C2 and C3, electron withdrawing (EWG) substituents, e. g. CF3, will direct the nucleophile addition to place carbanion as close as possible to EWG. However, electron donating (EDG) substituents, e. g. CH3, will provide little selectivity between products. In the regioisomer where triple bond is located between C3 and C4 the effect of substituent on nucleophile addition is diminished, and mixtures of para and meta products are often obtained. Benzynes can undergo [4+2] cyclization reactions. When generated in the presence of anthracene, trypticene results. Tetrabromobenzene can react with butyllithium and furan to form a tetrahydroanthracene

[4+2] cycloadditions of arynes have been commonly applied to natural product total synthesis. The main limitation of such approach, however, is the need to use constrained dienes, such as furan and cyclopentadiene. 6,7 indolyne undergoes [4+2] cycloaddition with cyclopentadiene to afford complex tetracyclic product. Benzynes undergo [2+2] cycloaddition with a wide range of alkenes. Due to electrophilic nature of benzyne, alkenes bearing electron donating substituents work best for this reaction. Due to significant byproduct formation, aryne [2+2] chemistry is rarely utilized in natural product total synthesis. Mori and co workers performed a palladium catalyzed [2+2+2] cocyclization of aryne and diyne in their total synthesis of taiwanins C.

The first example of aryne σ bond insertion reaction is the synthesis of melleine in 1973.

If benzyne is 1,2 didehydrobenzene, two further isomers are possible: 1,3 didehydrobenzene and 1,4 didehydrobenzene. Their energies in silico are, respectively, 106, 122, and 138 kcal/mol (444, 510 and 577 kJ/mol). A 1,2 to 1,3 didehydrobenzene conversion has been postulated to occur in the pyrolysis (900 °C) of the phenyl substituted aryne precursors Triplet state represents two noninteracting radical centers, and hence should abstract hydrogens at the same rate as phenyl radical. However, singlet state is more stabilized than the triplet, and therefore some of the stabilizing energy will be lost in order to form the transition state for hydrogen cleavage, leading to slower hydrogen abstraction. Chen proposed the use of 1,4 didehydrobenzene analogues that have large singlet triplet energy gaps to enhance selectivity of enediyne drug candidates.

The first evidence for arynes came from the work of Stoermer and Kahlert. In 1902 they observed that upon treatment of 3 bromobenzofuran with base in ethanol 2 ethoxybenzofuran is formed. Based on this observation they postulated an aryne intermediate. Wittig et al. invoked zwitterionic intermediate in the reaction of fluorobenzene and phenyllithium to give biphenyl. This hypothesis was later confirmed. In 1953 14C labeling experiments provided strong support for the intermediacy of benzyne. Additional evidence for the existence of benzyne came from spectroscopic studies. In 2015, a single aryne molecule was imaged by STM. 1,3 Didehydroarenes was first demonstrated in the 1990s when it was generated from 1,3 disubstituted benzene derivatives, such as the peroxy ester 1,3 C6H4(O2C(O)CH3)2. This theme became topical with the discovery of enediyne "cytostatics", such as calicheamicin, which generates a 1,4 didehydrobenzene.

A variety of natural products have been prepared using arynes as intermediates. Nucleophilic additions to arynes have been widely used in natural product total synthesis. Indeed, nucleophilic additions of arynes are some of the oldest known applications of aryne chemistry. The synthesis of the tetracyclic meroterpenoid (+) liphagal involved an aryne intermediate. Their approach employed an aryne cyclization to close the final ring of the natural product.