Гвидо фон Листтің жаңа руна жазуы: Арман руналары

Set of modern runic letters created by Guido von List

Armanen runes (or Armanen Futharkh) are 18 pseudo runes, inspired by the historic Younger Futhark runes, invented by Austrian mysticist and Germanic revivalist Guido von List during a state of temporary blindness in 1902, and described in his Das Geheimnis der Runen ("The Secret of the Runes"), published as a periodical article in 1906, and as a standalone publication in 1908. The name seeks to associate the runes with the postulated Armanen, whom von List saw as ancient Aryan priest kings. The runes continue in use today in esotericism and in Germanic neopaganism.

Von List claimed the pseudo runes were revealed to him while in an 11 month state of temporary blindness after a cataract operation on both eyes in 1902. This vision in 1902 allegedly opened what List referred to as his "inner eye", via which the "Secret of the Runes" was revealed to him. List stated that his Armanen Futharkh were encrypted in the Rúnatal of the Poetic Edda (stanzas 138 to 165 of the Hávamál), with stanzas 147 through 165, where Odin enumerates eighteen wisdoms (with 164 being an interpolation), interpreted as being the "song of the 18 runes". List and many of his followers believed his runes to represent the "primal runes" upon which all historical rune rows were based. The book was dedicated to his good friend Friedrich Wannieck and in the introduction, before his discussion of the runes, there is a copy of a correspondence between Wannieck and List. Das Geheimnis der Runen was published in Leipzig and Vienna in 1908 by the Guido von List Gesellschaft (Gross Lichterfelde). It was also known as GLB 1 of the Guido List Bücherei (GLB) series. The book was also published as a periodical article as "Das Geheimnis der Runen", "Neue Metaphysische Rundschau" [9] 13 (1906), 23 4, 75 87, 104 26. An English language translation of the book was published in 1988 by Stephen E. Flowers.

List's row is based on the Younger Futhark, with the names and sound values mostly close to the Anglo Saxon Futhorc. The two final runes, Eh and Gibor, added to the Younger Futhark inventory, are taken from Anglo Saxon Eoh and Gyfu. Apart from the two additional runes, and a displacement of the Man rune from 13th to 15th place, the sequence is identical to that of the Younger Futhark. List noted in his book, The Secret of the Runes, that the "runic futharkh (= runic ABC) consisted of sixteen symbols in ancient times." He also referred to the Armanen runes as the 'Armanen Futharkh' of which Stephen E. Flowers notes in his 1988 English translation of Lists 1907/08 'Das Geheimnis der Runen', that "The designation 'futharkh' is based on the first seven runes, namely F U T A R K H (or H) it is for this reason that the proper name is not futhark—as it is generally and incorrectly written—but rather 'futarkh', with the 'h' at the end." The first sixteen of von List's runes correspond to the sixteen Younger Futharkh runes, with slight modifications in names (and partly mirrored shapes). The two additional runes are loosely inspired by the Anglo Saxon Futhorc. No. NameTransliterationNote1. FaFan inverted Fe2. UrU—3. ThursThalso known as 'Dorn'; as Anglo Saxon Thorn4. OsA/Oa mirrored Younger Futhark As/Oss; in Armanic writings, the Othala rune
is generally seen as a variation / extension of Os.5. RitRas Reidh6. KaKas in Younger Futhark7. Hagal/HagHas Younger Futhark Hagall8. Nauth/NotNas Younger Futhark Naud9. IsIas in Younger Futhark10. ArAsimilar to short twig Younger Futhark11. Sig/SolSas Anglo Saxon Sigel12. TyrT—13. BarBas Younger Futhark Bjarkan14. LafLas Younger Futhark Logr15. ManMas Younger Futhark Madr16. YrYas in Younger Futhark, but with a sound value [i]17. Eh Ethe name is from Anglo Saxon Futhork, the shape like Younger Futhark Ar18. Gibor/Ge/GiGthe name similar to Anglo Saxon Futhork Gyfu

There is no historical runic equivalent to the 18th rune, the "gibor rune" (the name may be based on the Anglo Saxon Gyfu rune). Its shape is similar to that of the Wolfsangel symbol, which sometimes leads to the mistaken conclusion that the Wolfsangel is linked to the ancient runic alphabet. By the end of the war (1918) there were about seventy five völkisch groups in Germany, promoting a variety of pseudo historical, mystical, racial and anti semitic views. This had a major influence on the embryonic Nazi Party; Hitler wrote in his 1925 book Mein Kampf that "the basic ideas of the National Socialist movement are völkisch and the völkisch ideas are National Socialist." List's work led to the adoption of his "Armanen runes" by the Völkisch movement, which had already adopted the swastika as a symbol of Germanic antiquity, and from there List's runes became an integral part of German and Austrian nationalistic socialist symbology. Heinrich Himmler, who led the SS from 1929 to 1945, was one of many leading Nazi figures associated with the Thule Society völkisch group, and his interest in Germanic mysticism led him to adopt a variety of List's runes for the SS. Some had already been adopted by members of the SS and its predecessor organisations but Himmler systematised their use throughout the SS. By 1945 the SS used the swastika and the Sonnenrad. Until 1939, members of the Allgemeine SS were given training in runic symbolism on joining the organisation. Runic signs were used from the 1920s to 1945 on SS flags, uniforms and other items as symbols of various aspects of Nazi ideology and Germanic mysticism. They also represented virtues seen as desirable in SS members, and were based on The Runes order designed by Karl Maria Wiligut which he loosely based on the historical runic alphabets.

After World War II, Karl Spiesberger reformed the system, removing the racist aspects of the Listian, Marbyan and Kummerian rune work and placing the whole system in a "pansophical", or eclectic, context. In recent times Karl Hans Welz, Stephen E. Flowers, A. D. Mercer, and Larry E. Camp and have all furthered the effort to remove any racist connotations previously espoused by pre war Armanen rune masters. In German speaking countries, the Armanen Runes have been influential among rune occultists. According to Stephen E. Flowers they are better known even than the historical Elder Futhark:

The personal force of List and that of his extensive and influential Armanen Orden was able to shape the runic theories of German magicians from that time to the present day. [ ] the Armanen system of runes by 1955 had become almost "traditional" in German circles

The Armanen runes also have a significant impact in English language occultist literature.