Герман тілдерінің тарихына қатысты гипотезалар

Hypothesis about the history of Germanic languages

The Germanic substrate hypothesis attempts to explain the purportedly distinctive nature of the Germanic languages within the context of the Indo European languages. Based on the elements of Common Germanic vocabulary and syntax which do not seem to have cognates in other Indo European languages, it claims that Proto Germanic may have been either a creole or a contact language that subsumed a non Indo European substrate language, or a hybrid of two quite different Indo European languages, mixing the centum and satem types. Which culture or cultures may have contributed the substrate material is an ongoing subject of academic debate and study.

The non Indo European substrate hypothesis attempts to explain the anomalous features of Proto Germanic as a result of creolization between an Indo European and a non Indo European language. The Germanic languages also share common innovations in grammar as well as in phonology: the Germanic verb has been extensively remodelled and shows fewer grammatical moods and markedly fewer inflections for the passive voice.

In the 21st century, treatments of Proto Germanic tend to reject or simply omit discussion of the Germanic substrate hypothesis. For instance, Joseph B. Voyles' Early Germanic Grammar makes no mention of the hypothesis. On the other hand, the substrate hypothesis remains popular with the Leiden school of historical linguistics. This group influenced the 4 volume Dutch dictionary (2003 2009) — the first etymological dictionary of any language that systematically took the hypothesis into its discussions. Guus Kroonen brought up the so called "Agricultural Substrate Hypothesis", based on the comparison of presumable Pre Germanic and Pre Greek substrate lexicon (especially agricultural terms without clear IE etymologies). Kroonen links that substrate to the gradual spread of agriculture in Neolithic Europe from Anatolia and the Balkans, and associates the Pre Germanic agricultural substrate language with the Linear Pottery culture. The prefix *a and the suffix * it are the most apparent linguistic markers by which a small group of "Agricultural" substrate words i. e. *arwīt ("pea") or *gait ("goat") can be isolated from the rest of the Proto Germanic lexicon. According to Aljoša Šorgo, there are at least 36 Proto Germanic lexical items very likely originating from the "agricultural" substrate language (or a group of closely related languages). It is proposed by Šorgo that the Agricultural substrate was characterized by a four vowel system of */æ/ */ɑ/ */i/ */u/, the presence of pre nasalized stops, the absence of a semi vowel */j/, a mobile stress accent, and reduction of unstressed vowels.