Эдинбург қаласының маңындағы Swanston ауылының тарихы мен сипаттамасы

Swanston is a village and residential area on the southern edge of Edinburgh, Scotland, noted for its picturesque thatched cottages set around an informal village green. Because of its relatively isolated position at the foot of the Pentland Hills, it has remained largely unaffected by commercial or suburban development. The village grew up in the 18th century, originally to provide accommodation for farm workers on Swanston Farm. The farm, in turn, can trace its origins back at least to the 13th century and possibly earlier. The area has also played a role in supplying Edinburgh with fresh water. Its most notable resident was the young Robert Louis Stevenson, whose family leased a holiday home in the village during the late 19th century.

Swanston is located on the southern edge of Edinburgh, immediately to the south of the Edinburgh City Bypass and at the foot of the Pentland Hills. It is about from the city centre, and about above sea level. The village lies within the boundaries of the Colinton and Fairmilehead local government ward (Ward 8), the Fairmilehead Community Council, the Pentland Hills Regional Park and the Swanston Conservation Area. The village is surrounded by woods, open farmland and a golf course. The only vehicle access is by means of a single metalled road (Swanston Road). This terminates at a gate at the highest point in the village, beyond which the route continues as a rough track leading up into the hills. Visitors' vehicles are not permitted in the centre of the village. These factors have all helped maintain Swanston as a picturesque area, somewhat isolated from the rest of the city and largely unaffected by commercial or suburban development. The name Swanston is also applied to an area of modern housing, built in the 1980s and 1990s, just to the north of the City Bypass. This is separate from the original village and lies outside the Regional Park and Conservation Area.

The name Swanston is thought to be derived from Old Norse Sveins tún, meaning Sveinn's enclosure or farm. It first appears in a document of 1214, referring to Sveinn's farm within the Barony of Redhall. There is some evidence that the farming estate dates back to the 9th century. The name also appears in 14th century charters granted in the reign of David II. It is listed as part of land owned by Knights Templars who had settled at Temple in what is now Midlothian in the 12th century. Further evidence of the Templars' association with Swanston is found in a charter granted by James VI in 1614 which lists all their possessions in Scotland, including a reference to terras templaris de Swainstoun possess. The restoration earned a Scottish Civic Trust Commendation in 1964. The farmhouse and the school house have also been renovated and are now private residences.

From the 1760s, Swanston played a role in supplying the population of Edinburgh with fresh water. A 1758 Act of Parliament had given Edinburgh Corporation the right to extract water from springs in the area to increase the supply of fresh water to the town. This measure was vigorously opposed by the land owner, Henry Trotter, who claimed that he needed the water for his own use. Trotter started legal action to enforce his claim, ending in an unsuccessful appeal to the House of Lords in May 1760. The Corporation proceeded to lay wooden pipes to carry water from several of the springs. A cistern house, three sand filter beds and a cottage for the water engineer were constructed; these can all still be seen, situated about to the west of Swanston Road. After the engineer's cottage was built, the Corporation decided that they needed further accommodation to serve as a general meeting house. To fill that need, a small, single storey thatched cottage was built on high ground a short distance to the north west. This became known as Swanston Cottage. According to Robert Louis Stevenson, "after [the city fathers] had built their water house and laid their pipes, it occurred to them that the place was suitable for junketing. Once entertained, with jovial magistrates and public funds, the idea led speedily to accomplishment; and Edinburgh could soon boast of a municipal Pleasure House".

Between 1867 and 1880, Robert Louis Stevenson's family held a lease on Swanston Cottage, which they used as a summer holiday home. The house had by then been modernised and enlarged, with the addition of a second storey, bow windows, a single story extension, and a slate roof to replace the original thatch. During the family's tenancy, the young Robert Louis Stevenson made frequent use of the cottage, being attracted by the quiet country life and the feeling of remoteness. It is likely that the time he spent there influenced his later writing as well as his wider outlook on life, particularly his love of nature and of wild places. The house and its romantic location are thought to have inspired several of his works. Swanston Cottage itself appears in Stevenson's unfinished novel, St. Ives. It is where the title character, a French prisoner of war, seeks shelter after escaping from Edinburgh Castle. He later obtains help from two drovers, Simms and Candlish, who were probably based on John Todd, a Swanston shepherd with whom Stevenson enjoyed a lasting friendship. When the club closed in 2013, the Swanston Golf Club took over part of its course.

Today Swanston retains its feeling of isolation and remoteness. The village has no shop, café, pub, school or church and no specific visitor attractions. However it is often busy with walkers who pass through the village on their way to the Pentland Hills, particularly to the summits of Allermuir (493 m) and Caerketton (478 m). The population of the village is estimated to be 75. Swanston Farm is also the base of the Edinburgh University Exmoor Pony Trekking Section, a student run body which organises pony trekking for students and the general public.

In 2019, Hillend Leisure Ltd. (a joint venture of Swanston Farm and Advie Properties Ltd.) announced plans to build a large scale leisure complex on the site of the former Lothianburn Golf Club to the south and east of the village. This would include mountain bike trails, a zip wire, a campsite, glamping pods, a pump track, office suites, shops and a café. The project is opposed by the Friends of Swanston, who claim that it would irreversibly damage fragile wildlife habitats; increase noise, litter and antisocial behaviour; cause traffic congestion; damage the character of Swanston village; and set a precedent for building in conservation areas.