Француз қамалының тарихы және Joux қамалы

French castle

The Fort de Joux (fɔʁ də ʒu) or Château de Joux (ʃato də ʒu) is a castle, later transformed into a fort, located in La Cluse et Mijoux in the Doubs department in the Jura Mountains of France. It commands the mountain pass Cluse de Pontarlier.

The Château de Joux has undergone several transformations. The original structure was built in the 11th century and was made of wood. Over the next century, the lords of Joux rebuilt the keep and the external fortifications out of stone. In 1454, Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, bought the château and transformed it into a border fort, adding a moat and barracks. The château then passed to Charles the Bold, Mary of Burgundy, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (Habsburgs), Margaret of Austria, and Charles Quint, with each successive owner making further improvements. Its most famous remodeler was Vauban, who modernised it between 1678 and 1693. It was finally annexed by France in 1678 under Louis XIV. The Austrians captured the château in 1814. Later, the construction of the forts at Larmont in the 19th century provided reinforcement. In 1879, Captain (later Marshal) Joseph Joffre, then a military engineering officer, modernised the château and transformed it into a fort included in the Maginot Line to prevent German invasion from Swiss territory. It served as a prison for successive French governments between the 17th and the 19th centuries. In that capacity, the château is best known for imprisoning several famous figures, including Mirabeau, Heinrich von Kleist, and the leader of the Haitian Revolution, Toussaint Louverture, who died there on 7 April 1803. In addition to being used as a prison, the château played a part in the defence of the region until the First World War. The fortress currently houses a museum of arms that exhibits more than 600 rare weapons dating from the early 18th to the 20th centuries, including a rare 1717 rifle. The castle also has a well which, at , was once the deepest in France. Cut with a horizontal gallery and partially filled, it is now the third deepest at about
Since 1949, the French Ministry of Culture has listed the château as a monument historique.