Тойота Карина: Тарихы мен сипаттамасы

The Toyota Carina (Japanese: トヨタ・カリーナ) is an automobile which was manufactured by Toyota from December 1970 to December 2001. It was introduced as a sedan counterpart of the Celica, with which it originally shared a platform. Later, it was realigned to the Corona platform, but retained its performance image, with distinctive bodywork and interior — aimed at the youth market and remaining exclusive to Japanese Toyota dealerships Toyota Store. It was replaced in Japan by the Toyota Allion in 2001 and succeeded in Europe by the Toyota Avensis. The inspiration for the name Carina came from the constellation Carina, sharing a naming inspiration with the Celica, which is ultimately derived from the Latin word coelica meaning "heavenly" or "celestial".

Released in Japan August 1977, the next generation Carina was available in Germany in December 1977 and in other European countries during 1978. In most markets Carinas were fitted with the same 1,588 cc 2T engine as its predecessor. In the Carina, an output of DIN was claimed. The option of automatic transmission was new to many export markets. Japanese actor Sonny Chiba was the spokesman for the Carina in Japanese commercials for several decades. An estate car model was introduced to export markets for the first time, with the same heavy duty leaf spring rear suspension that had been seen on the late appearing first generation Carina Van, as it was intended for commercial use in Japan. In 1980, all models had revised front and rear end styling and headlights, and also received improved interiors. The following year, saloon and coupé models (but not the estate) were fitted with five speed gearboxes as standard, still with optional automatic transmissions. Starting with this generation, fuel injection was available optionally on top level models. In November 1977, the 3T U 1,800 cc engine emissions are updated. In May 1978, the GT 1600 cc was added, and a three speed automatic transmission became available. The 1600GT 2T GEU engine was made to comply with the Showa 53 (1978) emissions regulation, while output improved from to The options list was updated to include a urethane bumper for impact improvement. In September 1978, the 3T EU engine (1,770 cc OHV EFI) was installed in the ST EFI and SR EFI models, initially only with a five speed manual. At the same time, the 2000GT with DOHC 18R GU and the 18R GEU EFI engine, fit 1978 exhaust emission regulations, as did the 18R U and 21R U engines. The emblem was changed to "TOYOTA" from "TOYOTA CARINA". The 2000GT hardtop coupe shared a platform with the Celica, which gave Toyota the ability to sell the Celica at a different Japanese Toyota dealership called Toyota Store as the Celica was exclusive to Toyota Corolla Store locations. In August 1979, the front of the vehicle received a major change that now included four headlamp lights rather than the previous setup, with the Van remaining with four round lamps. The rear received a changed license plate mounting to give it a new style. 3T EU and 21R U engines were now available with the four speed automatic transmission. These two, along with the 18R GEU, were now the only engines offered (in Japan). The rear suspension became of the semi trailing type, becoming the A50 series Carina in the process. The Super Deluxe two door sedan was discontinued, as was the 1400 Van. The 1600 Van received the 12T J engine and the option of an automatic transmission, along with a chassis code now in line with the remainder of the Carina range (TA49V). As of August 1980, the EFI specification 1800 Hard Top (ST EFI, SR EFI) was the only engine offered in the sedans/coupés.

Toyota utilised the A40/A50 series Carina as the basis for the Celica Camry, a four door sports sedan launched in Japan during January 1980, and sold at Toyota Corolla Store dealerships. It was a companion to the Carina which was exclusive to Toyota Store locations. Positioned as the sedan counterpart to the Toyota Celica (A40 and A50) two door coupé and three door liftback, the Celica Camry shared few components with this model. Instead, Toyota altered the front end of its Carina, incorporating styling cues resembling those of the 1978–1981 Celica XX (known as the Celica Supra in export markets). From August 1980, the Celica Camry also went on sale through Toyota's recently introduced Vista dealership chain. It has an identical wheelbase to the Celica and Carina, while all three models (as well as the Corona) have near identical exterior dimensions. During its model cycle, over 100,000 units were sold in Japan. The Celica Camry was also exported to a number of markets using the Carina name, replacing the front end styling of the second generation Carina in these markets. These export market hybrids used a different rear end design and were also available with station wagon bodywork. The performance image of the Celica Camry was shared with the Toyota Chaser, which was exclusive to Toyota Vista Store Japanese dealerships.

In its third incarnation, the Carina followed the fashion of the time with a still more angular overall look and four square headlights. The Coupé received rectangular headlights, which were also installed on the Carina Surf (wagon) and were used in export, while the Carina Van received twin, round headlamps set in a black plastic surround. The car followed its predecessors in retaining a front engine rear wheel drive configuration even though by then competitor manufacturers were following a trend of switching to front wheel drive in this class. The third generation was first released two months after the related Celica, in September 1981, and was the last Carina to use rear wheel drive. More precise rack and pinion steering replaced the recirculating ball used in previous generations; the A60 Carina used a MacPherson struts up front and a five link, solid rear axle – except for the more powerful, fuel injected versions which have independent (semi trailing arm) suspension at the rear. The European Carinas all received the independent rear suspension reserved for higher end models in Japan, although the station wagon retained the live rear axle. Introduced in Europe for 1982, the rear wheel drive Carina was typically replaced by the Carina II in early 1984. In May 1984, the front wheel drive four door sedan "Carina FF" (T150 chassis) was introduced in addition to the rear wheel drive sedan range. Coupé, Surf (Wagon), and vans were sold continuously. Minor changes also took place, including body coloured bumpers for higher grade models. In August 1985, the trim levels were changed to shift the Sports models (1600GT, 1600GT R, 1800GT T, 1800GT TR) into the front wheel drive range. Rear wheel drive coupé sales were terminated at the same time. The sedan lineup was now reduced to 1500 standard, DX, SG, and 1800 SG trim levels. Surf and van sales continued as heretofore. Front engine, rear wheel drive Carinas continued to be produced alongside the new T150 series until May 1988 in Surf, van, and sedan models. The Carina RWD platform of the Carina Surf, and Carina Van continued to use the Toyota "A" series platform until 1988. The Carina continued to be exclusive in Japan to Toyota Store locations, while the Corona remained exclusive to Toyopet Store locations. After the Carina platform was realigned to the Toyota Corona "T" platform, shared with the Celica coupé and hatchback, the rear wheel drive Carina Coupé was cancelled once the Carina ED "four door coupé" was introduced in August 1985. Between the Carina and Corona lines, Toyota expected a three to two proportion of front wheel drive to rear wheel drive models.

The seventh generation Carina was limited to a sedan version produced only for the Japanese market. The car shared few similarities with its sister model the Corona Premio which was marketed in some Asian countries. The T190 model inherited the system as the basic platform. In 1996, along with the base "Ti" model (1500 cc 2200 cc), a sports "GT" version was introduced with the 5 valves per cylinder 4A GE 'black top' engine and 5 speed C56 manual transmission. Beginning in 1998, the GT was equipped with a 6 speed C160 manual transmission. The station wagon/commercial van was no longer offered, having been replaced by the Toyota Caldina, and Toyota offered the Toyota Ipsum, a five door wagon in the style of a MPV as an alternative. The Ipsum offered front wheel drive, with optional AWD, borrowed from the Caldina. Besides, the rare 4WD model "Si" ST215, equipped with 3S FE engine and optitron instrument panel existed. Suspension parts was shared with the Caldina ST215 4WD. Front and door panels, seats and the instrument panel of the T210 Corona Premio was shared with the Carina. With the new Corona Premio, Toyota's first collision safety body "GOA" was adopted. The 7A FE engine was a lean burn type 1.8 litre engine, the 5A FE was 1500 cc, and the 2C TE series was equipped with a 2000 cc turbo diesel. The 1600 cc version of the lean burn 4A FE engine was no longer offered. A "GT" sports version was based on the AT210 model. The engine was shared with the top of the line AE111 Corolla Levin and Toyota Sprinter Trueno (a high revving 4A GE producing 165 PS and red lining at 8000 rpm, known as the "black top"). The GT spec came with an optional manual transmission found in the AE101 AE111 Corolla Levin/Trueno of that period, which was a 5 speed manual transmission (C56 transmission series). In 1997, a Limited model equipped with few extra features was introduced, known as the "GT PIERNA". This was the only Carina GT version to be offered in black. August 1998 brought minor changes in design. The headlamps and tail lights were given a makeover for a refreshing look and feel. Slight alterations were also made to the bumpers. The 2000 cc diesel engine of the Ti model was increased to 2200 cc. The GT model was distinguished by the front grille where, instead of the "CARINA" emblem in the middle, the letters "GT" were placed in red, black, and nickel. In addition, the GT was equipped with the same 6 speed short shifter manual transmission as the Corolla Levin/Trueno C160 series which came with a limited slip differential (LSD). The diameter of the disc brake was increased and the wheel diameter was increased to 15 inches. Tyre size for the stock GT was 195/55 R15. Along with a front strut bar, reinforcements to the rear part of the vehicle were added to bind the left and right rear sash to a support and the rear back head. These came stock and were aimed to improve overall stiffness and handling of the vehicle. The GT version came with a stylish stock front bumper body kit, side skirts and rear bumper spoilers and an optional large rear spoiler. A darker sporty fabric was used for the upholstery to match the sporty and aggressive appeal of the vehicle. In December 2001, production of the Carina ended after .

In 1984 in Europe, the Corona was rebadged as the "Carina II". This continued with the new model introduced in 1988 and, subsequently, the "Carina E" introduced in 1992 which was also a Corona. The so called "Avensis" replaced the European Carina range in 1997.