Кіріспе
Колиньи күнтізбесі – біздің заманымыздың II ғасырында Рим Галлиясында жасалған, жазулары бар қола тақташа. Ол ай-күн күнтізбесінің бес жылдық циклын көрсетеді, әр жылы он екі айдан тұрады. Әр 2,5 жыл сайын қосымша ай енгізіледі. Ай фазасы ерекше дәлдікпен қадағаланады, қажет болған жағдайда айға қарай түзетіледі, ал күнтізбе 19 жылдық Метон циклын күн жылды есепке алу үшін пайдаланады. Бұл ежелгі кельт күнтізбесін қайта құрудың ең маңызды дәлелі. Ол 1897 жылы Францияда, Айн департаментінде (Лион қаласының жанындағы) Колиньи ауылында, тірідей өлшемдегі, жалаңаш ер адамның қола мүсінінің сынықтарымен бірге табылған. Бұл мүсін римдік Марс немесе рим-кельт Лугусы болуы мүмкін. Күнтізбе 73 фрагментке бөлінген қола тақташаға ойылып жазылған. Ол латын әріптерімен және сандармен жазылған, бірақ терминдер галл тілінде. Жазу стилі мен мүсіннің сүйемелдеуіне сүйенсек, қола тақташа екінші ғасырдың соңына жатады, бірақ көшіру қателері күнтізбенің өзінен әлдеқайда көне екенін көрсетеді. Қазір ол Лион Фурвиердегі Галло-рим мұражайында сақталады. Вильярдс-д'Эрияның екі қасиетті орнынан осындай күнтізбеден сегіз шағын бөлік табылды. Онда тірек күнтізбесіне арналған тесіктер жоқ.
The Coligny calendar is a bronze plaque with an inscribed calendar, made in Roman Gaul in the 2nd century CE. It lays out a five year cycle of a lunisolar calendar, each year with twelve lunar months. An intercalary month is inserted before each 2.5 years. The lunar phase is tracked with exceptional precision, adjusted when necessary by a variable month, and the calendar uses the 19 year Metonic cycle to keep track of the solar year. It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar. It was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain (, near Lyon), along with broken pieces of a bronze statue of a life size naked male holding a spear, likely Roman Mars or Romano Celtic Lugus. It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally wide by tall. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and numerals, but terms are in the Gaulish language. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying statue, the bronze plaque probably dates to the end of the second century, although the copying errors indicate the calendar itself is much older. It is now held at the Gallo Roman Museum of Lyon Fourvière. Eight small fragments of a similar calendar were found at the double shrine of Villards d'Héria. It does not have the holes of a peg calendar
It is not possible to align the Coligny lunar months accurately with modern solar months, but allowing for variation across the years it is likely that the month of MID SAMONIOS began around May–June. {| class="wikitable"
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! scope="col" | Value ! ! scope="col" | Name
! width=50px | Days ! ! scope="col" | Etymology
! width=150px| Interpretation
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| I 1 || Unknown || 30 || Unknown meaning || Intercalary One
|
| 1 || Samonios || 30 || Samo is Gaulish for summer. between them. The first half month has 15 days (called a cóicthiges ‘fifteen days’ in Old Irish, coicís in modern Irish). The second half month has either 15 days, or 14 days with the term DIVERTOMV placed over the space for the 15th day. The notation patterns act as though this 'virtual' 15th day is present. Pliny reported that the Celtic month began on the ‘6th day of the new moon’. includes the latest information about the intercalary notations and the triple marks. Olmsted (2001) and anfad and Old Irish mad and ni mad. + the MAT and ANM months SAMONIOS season GIAMONIOS season 1 mat SAM 7 anm GIA 2 anm DUM 8 mat SIM 3 mat RIV 9 anm EQU 4 anm ANA 10 anm ELE 5 mat OGR 11 mat EDR 6 mat CVT 12 anm CAN Six months are marked in their header as MAT ‘good, auspicious’, and six months as ANM[AT] ‘not good’. The summer season has 4 MAT months, and the winter season only has 2 MAT months. The summer season needs more auspicious time for all its activities. The months do not run in 29/30 pairs. For months marked as MAT, all days are initially given M D, a good or auspicious day. Days of the months marked as ANM are given just D, a neutral day. The terms M D and D refer to daylight hours and are in apposition to N for night. Any type of notation marked with N (night) will overwrite the full daytime notation, including the triple mark, M D, D, or D AMB.
Колиньи айларын қазіргі күннің айларымен дәл сәйкестендіру мүмкін емес, бірақ жылдар арасындағы өзгерістерді ескере отырып, МИД САМОНИОС айы мамыр-маусым айларында басталуы мүмкін.
The Coligny calendar is a bronze plaque with an inscribed calendar, made in Roman Gaul in the 2nd century CE. It lays out a five year cycle of a lunisolar calendar, each year with twelve lunar months. An intercalary month is inserted before each 2.5 years. The lunar phase is tracked with exceptional precision, adjusted when necessary by a variable month, and the calendar uses the 19 year Metonic cycle to keep track of the solar year. It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar. It was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain (, near Lyon), along with broken pieces of a bronze statue of a life size naked male holding a spear, likely Roman Mars or Romano Celtic Lugus. It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally wide by tall. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and numerals, but terms are in the Gaulish language. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying statue, the bronze plaque probably dates to the end of the second century, although the copying errors indicate the calendar itself is much older. It is now held at the Gallo Roman Museum of Lyon Fourvière. Eight small fragments of a similar calendar were found at the double shrine of Villards d'Héria. It does not have the holes of a peg calendar
It is not possible to align the Coligny lunar months accurately with modern solar months, but allowing for variation across the years it is likely that the month of MID SAMONIOS began around May–June. {| class="wikitable"
|
! scope="col" | Value ! ! scope="col" | Name
! width=50px | Days ! ! scope="col" | Etymology
! width=150px| Interpretation
|
| I 1 || Unknown || 30 || Unknown meaning || Intercalary One
|
| 1 || Samonios || 30 || Samo is Gaulish for summer. between them. The first half month has 15 days (called a cóicthiges ‘fifteen days’ in Old Irish, coicís in modern Irish). The second half month has either 15 days, or 14 days with the term DIVERTOMV placed over the space for the 15th day. The notation patterns act as though this 'virtual' 15th day is present. Pliny reported that the Celtic month began on the ‘6th day of the new moon’. includes the latest information about the intercalary notations and the triple marks. Olmsted (2001) and anfad and Old Irish mad and ni mad. + the MAT and ANM months SAMONIOS season GIAMONIOS season 1 mat SAM 7 anm GIA 2 anm DUM 8 mat SIM 3 mat RIV 9 anm EQU 4 anm ANA 10 anm ELE 5 mat OGR 11 mat EDR 6 mat CVT 12 anm CAN Six months are marked in their header as MAT ‘good, auspicious’, and six months as ANM[AT] ‘not good’. The summer season has 4 MAT months, and the winter season only has 2 MAT months. The summer season needs more auspicious time for all its activities. The months do not run in 29/30 pairs. For months marked as MAT, all days are initially given M D, a good or auspicious day. Days of the months marked as ANM are given just D, a neutral day. The terms M D and D refer to daylight hours and are in apposition to N for night. Any type of notation marked with N (night) will overwrite the full daytime notation, including the triple mark, M D, D, or D AMB.
| Құндылық | Аты | Күндер | Этимологиясы | Түсіндірмесі |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| I 1 | Белгісіз | 30 | Белгісіз мағынасы | Қосымша ай |
| 1 | Самониос | 30 | *Samo* – галл тілінде «жаз» деген мағына береді. | |
| 2 | Думнон | 30 | | |
| 3 | Рив | 30 | | |
| 4 | Анам | 30 | | |
| 5 | Огр | 30 | | |
| 6 | Эдр | 30 | | |
| 7 | Квит | 30 | | |
| 8 | Кантулос | 30 | | |
| 9 | Гиамон | 30 | | |
| 10 | Сим | 30 | | |
| 11 | Элемби | 30 | | |
| 12 | Эдон | 30 | | |
The Coligny calendar is a bronze plaque with an inscribed calendar, made in Roman Gaul in the 2nd century CE. It lays out a five year cycle of a lunisolar calendar, each year with twelve lunar months. An intercalary month is inserted before each 2.5 years. The lunar phase is tracked with exceptional precision, adjusted when necessary by a variable month, and the calendar uses the 19 year Metonic cycle to keep track of the solar year. It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar. It was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain (, near Lyon), along with broken pieces of a bronze statue of a life size naked male holding a spear, likely Roman Mars or Romano Celtic Lugus. It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally wide by tall. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and numerals, but terms are in the Gaulish language. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying statue, the bronze plaque probably dates to the end of the second century, although the copying errors indicate the calendar itself is much older. It is now held at the Gallo Roman Museum of Lyon Fourvière. Eight small fragments of a similar calendar were found at the double shrine of Villards d'Héria. It does not have the holes of a peg calendar
It is not possible to align the Coligny lunar months accurately with modern solar months, but allowing for variation across the years it is likely that the month of MID SAMONIOS began around May–June. {| class="wikitable"
|
! scope="col" | Value ! ! scope="col" | Name
! width=50px | Days ! ! scope="col" | Etymology
! width=150px| Interpretation
|
| I 1 || Unknown || 30 || Unknown meaning || Intercalary One
|
| 1 || Samonios || 30 || Samo is Gaulish for summer. between them. The first half month has 15 days (called a cóicthiges ‘fifteen days’ in Old Irish, coicís in modern Irish). The second half month has either 15 days, or 14 days with the term DIVERTOMV placed over the space for the 15th day. The notation patterns act as though this 'virtual' 15th day is present. Pliny reported that the Celtic month began on the ‘6th day of the new moon’. includes the latest information about the intercalary notations and the triple marks. Olmsted (2001) and anfad and Old Irish mad and ni mad. + the MAT and ANM months SAMONIOS season GIAMONIOS season 1 mat SAM 7 anm GIA 2 anm DUM 8 mat SIM 3 mat RIV 9 anm EQU 4 anm ANA 10 anm ELE 5 mat OGR 11 mat EDR 6 mat CVT 12 anm CAN Six months are marked in their header as MAT ‘good, auspicious’, and six months as ANM[AT] ‘not good’. The summer season has 4 MAT months, and the winter season only has 2 MAT months. The summer season needs more auspicious time for all its activities. The months do not run in 29/30 pairs. For months marked as MAT, all days are initially given M D, a good or auspicious day. Days of the months marked as ANM are given just D, a neutral day. The terms M D and D refer to daylight hours and are in apposition to N for night. Any type of notation marked with N (night) will overwrite the full daytime notation, including the triple mark, M D, D, or D AMB.
Бірінші жарты ай 15 күннен тұрады (көне ирланд тілінде *cóicthiges* – «он бес күн», қазіргі ирланд тілінде *coicís*). Екінші жарты ай 15 немесе 14 күннен тұрады, 15-ші күн орнына *DIVERTOMV* деген жазу орналасқан. Жазу үлгілері осы «виртуалды» 15-ші күннің бар екенін көрсетеді. Плиний келт айының жаңа айдың 6-шы күні басталатынын хабарлаған. Күнтізбедегі қосымша белгілер мен үштік белгілер туралы соңғы ақпараттар бар. Олмстед (2001) және басқа зерттеулерде *anfad* және көне ирланд тіліндегі *mad* және *ni mad* сөздері талданған. Сондай-ақ *MAT* және *ANM* айлары туралы мәліметтер келтірілген. *SAMONIOS* – жаз маусымы, *GIAMONIOS* – қыс маусымы. 1 *mat* SAM 7 *anm* GIA 2 *anm* DUM 8 *mat* SIM 3 *mat* RIV 9 *anm* EQU 4 *anm* ANA 10 *anm* ELE 5 *mat* OGR 11 *mat* EDR 6 *mat* CVT 12 *anm* CAN. Алты айдың басында *MAT* («жақсы, қолайлы») деп белгіленген, ал алты ай *ANM[AT]* («жақсы емес») деп белгіленген. Жаз маусымында 4 *MAT* айы, ал қыс маусымында 2 *MAT* айы бар. Жаз маусымында барлық іс-әрекеттер үшін қолайлы уақыт қажет. Айлар 29/30 күндік жұптармен жүрмейді. *MAT* деп белгіленген айларда барлық күндерге бастапқыда *M D* (жақсы немесе қолайлы күн) деп белгі беріледі. *ANM* деп белгіленген айдың күндеріне тек *D* (бейтарап күн) деп белгі беріледі. *M D* және *D* терминдері күндізгі сағаттарға қатысты, ал *N* түнгі сағаттарға қарсы қойылады. *N* (түн) белгісімен белгіленген кез келген жазу күндізгі жазудың толық түрін, соның ішінде үштік белгіні, *M D*, *D* немесе *D AMB* басып жазады.
The Coligny calendar is a bronze plaque with an inscribed calendar, made in Roman Gaul in the 2nd century CE. It lays out a five year cycle of a lunisolar calendar, each year with twelve lunar months. An intercalary month is inserted before each 2.5 years. The lunar phase is tracked with exceptional precision, adjusted when necessary by a variable month, and the calendar uses the 19 year Metonic cycle to keep track of the solar year. It is the most important evidence for the reconstruction of an ancient Celtic calendar. It was found in 1897 in France, in Coligny, Ain (, near Lyon), along with broken pieces of a bronze statue of a life size naked male holding a spear, likely Roman Mars or Romano Celtic Lugus. It was engraved on a bronze tablet, preserved in 73 fragments, that was originally wide by tall. It is written in Latin inscriptional capitals and numerals, but terms are in the Gaulish language. Based on the style of lettering and the accompanying statue, the bronze plaque probably dates to the end of the second century, although the copying errors indicate the calendar itself is much older. It is now held at the Gallo Roman Museum of Lyon Fourvière. Eight small fragments of a similar calendar were found at the double shrine of Villards d'Héria. It does not have the holes of a peg calendar
It is not possible to align the Coligny lunar months accurately with modern solar months, but allowing for variation across the years it is likely that the month of MID SAMONIOS began around May–June. {| class="wikitable"
|
! scope="col" | Value ! ! scope="col" | Name
! width=50px | Days ! ! scope="col" | Etymology
! width=150px| Interpretation
|
| I 1 || Unknown || 30 || Unknown meaning || Intercalary One
|
| 1 || Samonios || 30 || Samo is Gaulish for summer. between them. The first half month has 15 days (called a cóicthiges ‘fifteen days’ in Old Irish, coicís in modern Irish). The second half month has either 15 days, or 14 days with the term DIVERTOMV placed over the space for the 15th day. The notation patterns act as though this 'virtual' 15th day is present. Pliny reported that the Celtic month began on the ‘6th day of the new moon’. includes the latest information about the intercalary notations and the triple marks. Olmsted (2001) and anfad and Old Irish mad and ni mad. + the MAT and ANM months SAMONIOS season GIAMONIOS season 1 mat SAM 7 anm GIA 2 anm DUM 8 mat SIM 3 mat RIV 9 anm EQU 4 anm ANA 10 anm ELE 5 mat OGR 11 mat EDR 6 mat CVT 12 anm CAN Six months are marked in their header as MAT ‘good, auspicious’, and six months as ANM[AT] ‘not good’. The summer season has 4 MAT months, and the winter season only has 2 MAT months. The summer season needs more auspicious time for all its activities. The months do not run in 29/30 pairs. For months marked as MAT, all days are initially given M D, a good or auspicious day. Days of the months marked as ANM are given just D, a neutral day. The terms M D and D refer to daylight hours and are in apposition to N for night. Any type of notation marked with N (night) will overwrite the full daytime notation, including the triple mark, M D, D, or D AMB.
D AMBRIX RI белгісі
D AMBRIX RI, әдетте D AMB деп қысқартылады, жаман күнді білдіреді. Ол тек айдың жоғарғы жартысындағы 5 және 11-күндері ғана кездеседі, яғни ай толуының жартысынан асқан кезеңде, сондықтан бұл күндер көбінесе жаман күндерден бос болады. Айдың екінші жартысында D AMB 1-күннен басқа барлық тақ күндерге орналастырылады, бірақ бұл дәстүрлі түсінік бойынша 1 саны тақ немесе жұп сандар қатарына жатпайды.