Африка тілдерінің бұрынғы жіктелуі: Судан тілдері тарихы

Former classification of African languages

In early 20th century classification of African languages, Sudanic was a generic term for languages spoken in the Sahel belt, from Ethiopia in the east to Senegal in the west.

The grouping was based on geographic and loose typological grounds. One of its proponents was the German linguist Carl Meinhof. Meinhof had been working on the Bantu languages, which have an elaborate noun class system, and he labeled all languages not in Hamito Semitic or Bushman that lacked such a noun class system Sudansprachen. There were two main branches; Eastern Sudanic was largely equivalent to Nilo Saharan sans Nilotic, and Western Sudanic to Niger–Congo sans Bantu.

Westermann, pupil of Carl Meinhof, carried out comparative linguistic research on the then Sudanic languages during the first half of the twentieth century. In his 1911 study he established a basic division between 'East' and 'West' Sudanic, roughly comparable to today's distinction of Niger–Congo and Nilo Saharan. His 1927 collaboration with Hermann Baumann was devoted to the historical reconstruction of the West Sudanic branch. He compared his results with Meinhof's Proto Bantu reconstructions but did not state the obvious conclusion that they were related, perhaps out of respect for his teacher. French linguists like Delafosse and Homburger, not hindered by such concerns, were quite explicit about the unity of West Sudanic and Bantu, mainly on the basis of synchronic lexicostatistical data. In his 1935 "Character und Einteilung der Sudansprachen", Westermann conclusively established the relationship between Bantu and West Sudanic. This marked the beginning of the establishment of the Niger–Congo family, though it was not until 1963 that Greenberg's classification of African languages solidified and popularized the concept of Niger–Congo.