Simca 1100: Француздық отбасылық автомобиль тарихы

The Simca 1100 are a series of French compact family cars – mainly C segment hatchbacks, but also a compact wagon and popular delivery vans – built for over 15 years by French car maker Simca, from 1967 through 1982/1985. There was even a very early 'hot hatchback', and a family cross over: the Matra Simca Rancho. The hatchbacks were replaced by the Simca Talbot Horizon. The 1967 Simca 1100 series is historically impressive for its very early combination of many modern design features – in very affordabe cars, and in many available (engine) configurations. The 1100 series were the first unibody family hatchbacks and compact estate car, to integrate a transversely mounted engine and front wheel drive, with all around, modern independent suspensions with anti roll bars (double wishbones up front, and rear semi trailing arms), and disc brakes, rack and pinion steering, and folding rear seats, for maximum space utilisation and practicality. The 1967 introduced front wheel drive Simca 1100 hatchback range was a top seller across Europe, and said to have (contributed to) convince Volkswagen to replace its entire, all rear engined and drive vehicle range, with a whole new, front engined and front drive range, leading to the Mk 1 VW Polo, Golf and Passat series. At just under four metres in length , the 1967 Simca 1100 series hatchbacks practically set the blueprint for European and Japanese C Segment hatchbacks, defining most of their core design traits for several of the following decades.

When first shown on Sardinia and at the Paris Auto Show in 1967, the 1100 was advanced in design, featuring a hatchback or wagon body, with folding rear seats, front disc brakes, rack and pinion steering, all around independent front (double wishbones) and rear (semi trailing arm) suspension, using front and rear torsion bar springs and anti roll bars. Numerous permutations were available, with a manual, automatic, or semi automatic transmission. The engine was slanted to allow for a lower bonnet; and the engine, gearbox, and suspension were carried on a subframe to allow the unibody to be relatively unstressed. The body was welded to the frame, not bolted. The 1100 was reportedly studied closely by Volkswagen when the latter company was designing its Volkswagen Golf, after having made exclusively rear engined, rear wheel drive vehicles for nearly 25 years, from restarting production of the pre war developed VW Beetle, until launching the NSU developed K70 in 1970. The "Break", or 1100 four door 'estate' models were no longer than the hatchbacks, just boxier in shape, and thus more spacious and practical.

The 1100 was the result of "Project 928", started in 1962, finalized by engineers Philippe Grundeler and Charles Scales. The design was a result of Simca's market research in the early 1960s, which showed the increasing popularity of front wheel drive cars, that provided better comfort and space utilization in small cars. In Spring 1962, Simca organized a project for a new, 1966/–67 launch platform for a range of front wheel drive cars, with saloons, estates cars and light commercial vehicles to be included, all fitting into France's 6CV tax class – between the Simca Mille and the Simca 1300 saloon. Both transverse and longitudinal engine placement were tested, and in 1963 the transverse engine design was approved. The Simca 1100 was one of the first designs outside Fiat to feature a transverse engine with an end on gearbox and unequal length driveshafts – now near universal amongst small cars – a possible result of Fiat's influence as a major shareholder. With a modest vehicle length growth of , but a very significantly longer wheelbase, and over 10 cm (4 in) greater width and height, the new 1100 offered much better interior seating space than the barely shorter small Simca 1000. In 1963, Chrysler took a controlling interest in Simca, approving the project to progress in 1964, with a production target of summer 1967. The short timetable included developing a new transmission, and making a larger version of the rear engined, rear wheel drive Simca 1000 "Poissy" engine, now displacing – up from the "1.0 litre" unit used in the 1000 ('Mille'), while the 1500 used a engine. Later, a Simca 1200, with , and a Simca 1300, with were added, while the old "1000" was also made available, as an even more affordable and frugal option.

The 1967 Simca 1100 was one of the first hatchback designs to enter production with a folding rear seat, and in four body versions: three and five door hatchbacks, as well as an equal length four door wagon, and a delivery van variant. It was similar in concept to an earlier French car, the Renault 16, which had been launched two years prior, in the higher 'D' market segment, and still used a longitudinal front mid mounted engine, with the gearbox in front of it, like a number of earlier front wheel drive cars, including the original mass produced hatchback, the 1961 Renault 4. When Renault then launched their "new" C segment Renault 6 a year later, in 1968, it became painfully clear how far ahead the Simca 1100 series was, by contrast. Different equipment levels were defined as LS, GL, GLS and "Special" tags. Three and five door estate cars were also included in the range. The car was fitted with Simca Type 315 petrol OHV "Poissy engines" with 944, 1118, and 1294 cc variants, depending on year and market. A "stroked" 1118 cc engine displacing 1.2 litres was introduced in 1971 to the UK market as the Simca 1204. This badge and engine was also used in the US, where the car sold in limited quantities, beginning in 1969. The larger 1204 cc engine used in North America produces ; both the hatchback and station wagon models were offered. The car was not successful in America and Simca left the U. S. market in 1972. In 1974, the sporty TI appeared with the 1294 cc engine (82 PS), at the time when the car also saw a cosmetic redesign. Based on the 1100 chassis, the Matra engineering firm created an early, light family crossover derivation, variously named (Talbot) Matra (Simca) Rancho. The 1100 had a four speed manual gearbox and room for five people. There was also a three speed semi automatic gearbox that required manual shifting but used an electronically activated clutch. The 1100s transmission configuration was the same as the one introduced by Fiat on the 1964 Autobianchi Primula, in that it was transverse and axial with the engine giving the "engine on one side, transmission on the other" layout copied on almost all "hatchbacks" and front wheel drive vehicles throughout the world ever since. In France, the 1100 was very successful, achieving best seller status, but it was less competitive in non European export markets.

One of the cars with the strongest claim as "the first Hot Hatch" was the Simca 1100 Ti, available from 1974, with 82 horsepower – over 40% more power than the standard 58 hp – which dramatically improved performance. It sent the car's top speed over for the first time, to , and gave it a 0–97 km/h (0 60 mph) acceleration in 12 seconds. Based on the 1100 Special, introduced in 1970, distinguishing features of this performance version were its six headlight and foglight arrangement, front disc brakes, front and rear spoilers, alloy wheels, matte black grille and single paint colour choice (red), items which would be adopted by the many 'hot hatchbacks' that would follow. Another early hot hatch was the Renault 5 Alpine (called Gordini in the U. K. due to Chrysler owning the Alpine model name there) which first went on sale in May 1976 and also pre dated sales of the Volkswagen Golf GTi, by two months. The 1100Ti was never sold in RHD in the UK.