Қытай XIII әулетінің фараондары

Ancient Egyptian dynasty

The Thirteenth Dynasty of ancient Egypt (notated Dynasty XIII) was a series of rulers from approximately 1803 BC until approximately 1649 BC, i. e. for 154 years. According to Ryholt, the 13th Dynasty had some continuity with the preceding 12th Dynasty. With the first pharaoh, Sobekhotep I, being the son of a certain Amenemhat, Ryholt proposes Amenemhat IV as a possible father. +Dynasty XIII pharaohs Name of pharaohImage Dates Burial Consort(s) Comments Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I 1803–1800 BC The dominant hypothesis is that Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep was the founder of the dynasty, in older studies Wegaf Sonbef 1800–1796 BC Perhaps a son of Amenemhat IV and brother of Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep. 1792–1790 BC Perhaps identical with King Sehotepibre in the Turin Canon Iufni 1790–1788 BC Known only from the Turin canon Seankhibre Ameny Intef Amenemhat VI 1788–1785 BC Semenkare Nebnuni 1785–1783 BC or 1739 BC Sehetepibre Sewesekhtawy 1783–1781 BC Sewadjkare I 1781 BCE Known only from the Turin canon Nedjemibre 7 months, 1780 BC or 1736 BC Known only from the Turin canon Khaankhre Sobekhotep II 1780–1777 BC Renseneb Amenemhat 1777 BC Awybre Hor 1777–1775 BC Buried in Dahshur near the pyramid of Amenemhet III Nubhetepti (?) Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw 1775–1772 BC Possibly a son of Hor Awybre. Djedkheperew 1772–1770 BC Possibly a brother of Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw. SebkayPossibly two kings, Seb and his son Kay Sedjefakare Kay Amenemhat VII 5 to 7 years or 3 years, 1769–1766 BC Khutawyre Wegaf Around 1767 BC Userkare Khendjer Minimum 4 years and 3 months c. 1765 BC Pyramid of Khendjer, South Saqqara Seneb[henas?] May also have borne the name Nimaatre. Smenkhkare Imyremeshaw Reigned less than 10 years, starting 1759 BC or 1711 BC. Aya (Iy)? Sehetepkare Intef Less than 10 years Aya (Iy)? Seth Meribre Reign ended 1749 BCE Sekhemresewadjtawy Sobekhotep III 1755–1751 BC Senebhenas Neni Inni ? Reigned 23 years, the longest reign of the dynasty. Last king to be attested in both Lower and Upper Egypt. Following these kings, the remaining rulers of the 13th Dynasty are only attested by finds from Upper Egypt. This may indicate the abandonment of the old capital Itjtawy in favor of Thebes. This analysis is rejected by Ryholt and Baker however, who note that the stele of Seheqenre Sankhptahi, reigning toward the end of the dynasty, strongly suggests that he reigned over Memphis. The stele is of unknown provenance. Dodson and Hilton similarly believe that Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep predated Khaankhre Sobekhotep.

After allowing discipline at the southern forts to deteriorate, the government eventually withdrew its garrisons and, not long afterward, the forts were reoccupied by the rising Nubian state of Kush. In the north, Lower Egypt was overrun by the Hyksos, a Semitic people from across the Sinai. An independent line of kings created Dynasty XIV that arose in the western Delta during later Dynasty XIII. According to Manetho, into this unstable mix came invaders from the east called the Hyksos who seized Egypt "without striking a blow; and having overpowered the rulers of the land, they then burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of gods " Their regime, called Dynasty XV, was claimed to have replaced Dynasties XIII and XIV in most of the country. However, recent archaeological finds at Edfu could indicate that the Hyksos 15th dynasty was already in existence at least by the mid 13th dynasty reign of king Sobekhotep IV. In a recently published paper in Egypt and the Levant, Nadine Moeller, Gregory Marouard and N. Ayers discuss the discovery of an important early 12th dynasty Middle Kingdom administrative building in the eastern Tell Edfu area of Upper Egypt which was in continual use into the early Second Intermediate Period until the 17th dynasty, when its remains were sealed up by a large silo court. Fieldwork by Egyptologists in 2010 and 2011 into the remains of the former 12th dynasty building which was also used in the 13th dynasty led to the discovery of a large adjoining hall which proved to contain 41 sealings showing the cartouche of the Hyksos ruler Khyan together with 9 sealings naming the 13th dynasty king Sobekhotep IV. The preserved contexts of these seals shows that Sobekhotep IV and Khyan were most likely contemporaries of one another. This could mean that the 13th dynasty did not control all of Egypt when Sobekhotep IV acceded to power, and that there was a significant overlap between the 13th and 15th dynasties since Sobekhotep IV was only a mid 13th dynasty ruler; although one of its most powerful kings. Therefore, Manetho's statement that the Hyksos 15th dynasty violently replaced the 13th dynasty could be a piece of later Egyptian propaganda. Rather, the 13th dynasty's authority must have been collapsing throughout Egypt in its final decades and the Hyksos state in the Delta region simply took over Memphis and ended the 13th dynasty's kingdom. However, this analysis and the conclusions drawn from it are rejected by Egyptologist Robert Porter, who argues that Khyan ruled much later than Sobekhotep IV (a gap of c. 100 years exists between the two in conventional chronologies) and that the seals of a pharaoh were used long after his death. Thus the seals of Sobekhotep IV might not indicate that he was a contemporary of Khyan. Merneferre Ay was the last Egyptian ruler of the 13th Dynasty who is attested by objects in both Lower and Upper Egypt. Henceforth, his successors, from Merhotepre Ini on, are only attested in Upper Egypt.