Self-criticism

How an individual evaluates themselves

Self criticism involves how an individual evaluates oneself. Self criticism in psychology is typically studied and discussed as a negative personality trait in which a person has a disrupted self identity. The opposite of self criticism would be someone who has a coherent, comprehensive, and generally positive self identity. Self criticism is often associated with major depressive disorder. Some theorists define self criticism as a mark of a certain type of depression (introjective depression), and in general people with depression tend to be more self critical than those without depression. People with depression are typically higher on self criticism than people without depression, and even after depressive episodes they will continue to display self critical personalities. Much of the scientific focus on self criticism is because of its association with depression.

Sidney Blatt has proposed a theory of personality which focuses on self criticism and dependency. Such a finding is important as it supports the fact that self criticism can be measured in the same manner as other personality traits. Similar to Blatt's two personality dimensions, Aaron Beck (1983) defines social dependency and autonomy as dimensions of personality that are relevant for depression. Those who were high in self criticism did not differ in the amount of support they received, only in how they accepted or requested it. Participants categorized as being higher in self criticism had fewer interpersonal goals as well as more self presentation goals. Among romantic partners, self criticism predicts a decrease in agreeable comments and an increase in blaming.

Given that self criticism is typically seen as a negative personality characteristic, it is important to note how some people develop such a trait. As described by the personality theories above, self criticism often represents a disruption in some characteristic. This disruption could be rooted back in the person's childhood experience. Children of parents who use restrictive and rejecting practices have been shown to have higher levels of self criticism at age 12. In this same study, women displayed stable levels of self criticism from age 12 into young adulthood, while men did not. These results show that parenting style can influence the development of self critical personality, and these effects may potentially last into young adulthood. Another study found that women who were higher in self criticism reported both that their father was more dominant and their parents maintained strict control and were inconsistent in their expressions of affection. Not surprisingly, these women also reported that their parents tended to seek out achievement and success from their children, as opposed to remaining passive. These studies show that certain experiences in childhood are associated with self criticism, and the self critical personality type then extends into later phases of development. Child maltreatment, which is associated with the development of depression, may also be a risk factor for future self criticism. Mothers who reported having experience maltreatment as children also perceived themselves as less efficacious mothers. A factor analysis showed that the perception of being less efficacious was mediated by self criticism, over and above the effects of depressive status. This research shows that self criticism in particular plays an important role in the relationship between childhood maltreatment and maternal efficacy. In a study assessing child maltreatment and self injury Glassman and et al. (2007) found that self criticism specifically was a mediator for the relationship between maltreatment and self injury. This is particularly important because it shows that self criticism may play a role in leading to self injury. Understanding the origins of self criticism in maltreatment could help prevent such behaviors. Given this research, it seems that self criticism plays a role in the lasting effects of childhood maltreatment. Assessing self criticism in preventing maltreatment as well as treating those who have been maltreated could therefore support further research in the area.

Self criticism is an important aspect of personality and development, but is also significant in terms of what this trait means for psychopathology. Most theorists described above account for self criticism as a maladaptive characteristic, so unsurprisingly many researchers have found self criticism to be connected to depression.

Self criticism is associated with several other negative variables. In one sample, differences in self criticism as a personality trait were associated with differences in perceived support, negative affect, self image goals, and overt self criticism. Controlling for initial symptoms, self criticism was a stronger predictor than even previous depression status both 2 years and 10 years after the initial assessment. In a sample with a history of depression, Mongrain and Leather (2006) found that measures of self criticism were associated with the number of past episodes of depression. The personality was indicative of depression history, but self criticism in an interaction with immature dependence was able to predict future episodes of depression as well. In a sample of people who either currently have depression or are in remission from a depressive episode, individuals reported both higher levels of self criticism and lower levels of self compassion. These three categories all deal with self critical cognitions, and are measured by the Attitude Toward Self Scale, which Carver and Ganellen created.

In addition to acting as a risk factor for depression, self criticism also affects the efficacy of depression treatment. Self criticism as a trait characteristic therefore persists throughout a person's entire life. This means a person can display persistent, long term levels of self criticism as a personality trait, but levels of self criticism can vary from moment to moment depending on the person's current mental state. The authors of this study suggested that this has implications for deciding how long to provide treatment. If treatment ends as depression fades away, the underlying personality characteristics that affect depression may not have changed. In such a case extending treatment beyond the point when positive change is seen in depression symptoms may give the best results. This same study also found that levels of perfectionism (which is related to self critical personality) predicted the rate of change in depression status. Self criticism is known as autonomy in Beck's personality model, and there has been research looking at his conception of sociotropy and autonomy. Sociotropy characterizes people who are socially dependent, and their main source of distress is interpersonal relationships. Autonomy, however refers to self critical individuals who are more concerned with independence and achievement. In a study examining treatment differences between these groups, Zettle, Haflich & Reynolds (1992) found that autonomous, self critical individuals had better results in individual therapy than in group therapy. This research shows that personality characteristics can influence what kind of treatment is best for an individual, and that clinicians should be aware of these differences. Therefore, self criticism is both a warning sign for the development of depression and affects how it is treated. It is an important facet of depression research, as it is important for how we might prevent and treat this debilitating disorder.

fMRI finds that engaging in self criticism activates areas in the lateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex which are brain areas responsible for processing error detection and correction. In contrast, engaging in self reassurance activates the left temporal pole and insula areas previously found to be activated in compassion and empathy. Those that as a psychological trait engage in self criticism tend to show an activated dorsolateral prefrontal activity, while ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activity was found in those with the trait of self reassurance.