Венгрия саясаты: Демократия және үкіметтік жүйе

Politics of the European country of Hungary

The politics of Hungary takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic. The prime minister is the head of government of a pluriform multi party system, while the president is the head of state and holds a largely ceremonial position. The country is "no longer a full democracy" according to the EU. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the parliament. The party system since the last elections has been dominated by the conservative Fidesz. The three larger oppositions are Democratic Coalition (DK), Momentum and Jobbik; there are also opposition parties with a small fraction in parliament (e. g. Politics Can Be Different). The judiciary is theoretically independent of the executive and the legislature, but in practice is strongly influenced by the ruling Fidesz Party. Hungary is an independent state, which has been a member of the European Union since 2004. Since 1989 Hungary has been a parliamentary republic. Legislative power is exercised by the unicameral National Assembly that consists of 199 members. Members of the National Assembly are elected for four years. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Hungary a "flawed democracy" in 2023, ranking 50th globally, the fourth lowest in the EU. Freedom House no longer considers Hungary a full democracy, awarding a score of 66/100. In the April 2022 election, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán won a fourth consecutive term in office. His party, Fidesz, secured another two thirds majority in parliament.

There are basically two main factions in the Hungarian political system, the right wing FIDESZ KDNP coalition, and the center right to left wing United for Hungary which consists of the following parties: DK, MSZP, Jobbik, Dialogue, LMP Greens, Momentum. There are also associate parties and movements such as ÚVNP, Liberals, New Start, MMM movement, 99M movement. There are also some minor parties which are not part of these two coalitions such as the far right Our Homeland Movement, and the joke party called Hungarian Two Tailed Dog Party.

A fifteen member Constitutional Court has power to challenge legislation on grounds of unconstitutionality. This body was last filled in July 2010. Members are elected for a term of twelve years. Critics of the ruling coalition contend that since the Hungarian government filled the Constitutional Court with loyal judges, the institution mostly serves to legitimize government interests and has lost its original purpose as democratic defender of the rule of law and of human rights as several reports of independent human rights NGOs, such as the Hungarian Helsinki Committee emphasize. The president of the Supreme Court of Hungary (Curia) and the Hungarian civil and penal legal system he leads is fully independent of the Executive Branch. The attorney general or chief prosecutor of Hungary is currently fully independent of the executive branch, but his status is actively debated. Several ombudsman offices exist in Hungary to protect civil, minority, educational and ecological rights in non judicial matters. They have held the authority to issue legally binding decisions since late 2003.

The central bank, the Hungarian National Bank was fully self governing between 1990 and 2004, but new legislation gave certain appointment rights to the executive branch in November 2004 which is disputed before the Constitutional Court.

Hungary is a member of the ABEDA, Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, CEPI EAPC, EBRD, ECE, EU (member, as by 1 May 2004), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, ITUC, NAM (guest), NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SECI, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMIK, UNOMIG, UNU, UPU, WCO, WFTU, Visegrád Group, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO, and the Zangger Committee.