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Railway line serving between Liverpool and Manchester

There once were four direct railway routes between Liverpool and Manchester in the North West of England; only two remain, the two centre routes of the four. The most northerly and the most southerly of the four routes are no longer direct lines. Of the remaining two direct routes, the northern route of the two is fully electric, while the now southern route is a diesel only line. The most northerly of the four has been split into two routes: the western section operated by Merseyrail electric trains and the eastern section by diesel trains, requiring passengers to change trains between the two cities. The fourth route, the most southerly of the four, has been largely abandoned east of Warrington; the remaining section caters mainly for freight trains. The remaining two direct routes are:
The northern route (Chat Moss line) from Liverpool Lime Street terminus station via Earlestown, Newton le Willows and to Manchester Victoria and Manchester Piccadilly. This line follows the route of the original 1830 Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The southern route (CLC line) from Liverpool Lime Street terminus via Warrington Central to Manchester Piccadilly operates on lines formerly owned by the Cheshire Lines Committee.

The northern route runs from Liverpool Lime Street station, via Earlestown and Newton le Willows, and continues to either Manchester Victoria or Manchester Piccadilly. The line follows George Stephenson's original 32 mile (51.5 km) Liverpool and Manchester Railway of 1830, which was the world's first inter city passenger railway and the first to have run 'scheduled' services. Many early steam locomotives were initially used on this line including Stephenson's Rocket, which won the Rainhill Trials in 1829 (see List of Liverpool and Manchester Railway locomotives). The line also includes a number of listed structures including stations and bridges, particularly the Rainhill Skew Bridge and the nine arch Sankey Viaduct.

Following completion of electrification in May 2015, services to and Manchester Victoria are operated by Class 323 3 car electric multiple units and 3 car and 4 car electric multiple units. Northern operate two trains per hour on the Chat Moss line, an hourly all stops service from to operated by Class 323 and 331 EMUs and an hourly service from to via which calls at Earlestown and Newton le Willows, operated by Class 195 diesel multiple units. During weekday peak times, two daily return trains operate between Liverpool Lime Street and Manchester Victoria, one service in the morning and one in the evening, calling at all stations. Six daily return trains also operate between Manchester Victoria and Wigan North Western, three services in the morning and three in the evening at hourly frequency via Eccles, although only morning services towards Manchester and evening services towards Wigan call at the station. A parliamentary service operates between and Liverpool via the western section of the Chat Moss route, calling at all stations between Earlestown and Lime Street. Between Earlestown and Manchester Airport, there are additional hourly services operated by Transport for Wales, which originate from Llandudno via the North Wales Coast Line and Chester. Northern Trains is the dominant operator on the route, and its services are operated with 3 car electric multiple units, Class 331 3 car or 4 car electric multiple units or 2 car or 3 car diesel multiple units. Transport for Wales services between Earlestown and Manchester Piccadilly are usually operated by Class 197 diesel multiple units, but Class 158 units may be substituted on occasions. TransPennine Express operate an hourly service between Liverpool Lime Street and Newcastle Central via Manchester Victoria and York, calling at Lea Green and Newton le Willows, operated by Class 802 bi mode units. A similar service operates on a Sunday, however the Liverpool Lime Street to Manchester Airport service is extended to Wilmslow and the Llandudno service terminates at Chester. The northern Liverpool to Manchester route is also used by East Midlands Railway for empty coaching stock (ECS) movements, and as a diversionary route when the southern route is closed. In past years, the line has been used by many express services which included through trains to Leeds, York and Newcastle (via Huddersfield), and to Preston, Glasgow Central and Edinburgh (diverging on to the West Coast Main Line at Newton le Willows). Local trains also ran to Manchester via Leigh, but these services ceased in 1969 when the Eccles Tyldesley Leigh Kenyon branch was closed as a result of the Beeching Axe. The northern Liverpool to Manchester line has also seen regular use over the years for diverted services from the West Coast Main Line when parts of the latter have been closed for engineering work, but diversions via Manchester instead have now become more common as they do not involve the train reversing, as would be necessary at Edge Hill, following the electrification of the route. Work to four track the line between Huyton and Roby was completed in October 2017.

From 5 March 2015, Class 319 trains started electric operation on this route from Liverpool to Manchester Airport via the Oxford Road viaduct. Manchester Victoria station itself is now electrified and at the new timetable changeover on 17 May 2015 Liverpool to Manchester Victoria stopping services also began electric operation using the same rolling stock. As a result of completion of the Manchester Castlefield Junction to Newton le Willows Junction electrification, TransPennine Express services between Manchester Airport and Glasgow Central/Edinburgh Waverley now use new Class 350 EMUs and are re routed along a portion of the northern Liverpool to Manchester route before joining the West Coast Main Line at Golborne Junction. with 25 kV, 50 Hz AC, overhead line. The electrification process was originally due to be completed by 2013 Now that the electrification of the line is complete and electric services are running, the journey time between Liverpool and Manchester has been reduced from around 45 minutes to 30 minutes due to the greater acceleration achieved by electric trains and the raising of the speed limit along the line from 75 to 90 mph. Electrification also offers electric haulage options for freight trains, giving a secondary route to the West Coast Main Line from Liverpool.

The southern route is the old Cheshire Lines Committee line running from Liverpool Lime Street via Warrington Central to Manchester Piccadilly. There are three passenger trains per hour (tph) in each direction between Liverpool and Manchester, which are usually operated by a variety of Class 150, Class 156 and Class 158 Diesel Multiple Units. TransPennine Express used to use modern Class 185 trains, before their services were diverted via the northern route. These services are run by a number of rail companies and the time intervals are not evenly spaced out; there are large gaps between some services, and at other times trains leave within minutes of each other. While East Midland Railway's once per hour service generally take 50 minutes to reach Manchester from Liverpool Lime Street, some Northern services take an hour and ten minutes to cover the 35 miles. This route is less busy than the northern route in terms of service frequency (1 express & 2 stopping trains per hour each way over the entire route.) The line's newest station is Warrington West, which opened in December 2019. Liverpool South Parkway station opened in June 2006 after its estimated construction cost of £16 million had doubled to £32 million by the time it was completed. This station replaced Allerton and Garston stations and has frequent bus links to Liverpool John Lennon Airport. Originally this line ran from Liverpool Central High Level terminus station to Manchester Central terminus station built by the Cheshire Lines Committee (CLC) in 1873. Liverpool Central High Level station was demolished in 1973 due to all the long haul distance services on Merseyside being concentrated at Liverpool Lime Street with Merseyrail operating the local urban services with underground stations in Liverpool and Birkenhead centres. Manchester Central closed in 1969 and is now the Manchester Central Convention Complex. At the Liverpool end, the line from Hunts Cross to Central High Level station—which accessed the station via a tunnel—was given over to the Northern Line of the electric Merseyrail services and the line from Hunts Cross diverted in 1966 onto the short section of the West Coast Main Line to Lime Street station. The divergence is at Allerton Junction to the immediate south east of Liverpool South Parkway. In 1977 8 the original line in the tunnel approaching Liverpool Central High Level terminus was dropped into a new lower level tunnel immediately south of the station to enter Liverpool Central underground station becoming a through line continuing underground to the north of Liverpool and onto Southport. The Low Level underground station and tunnel was built in 1890 to align with the approach tunnel to the High Level station if in the future the need was there. Victorian foresight was utilised nearly 80 years later. At the Manchester end the line was diverted to Manchester Oxford Road and Manchester Piccadilly after Manchester Central was closed. The Liverpool to Warrington section of this line was initially scheduled to be on the Merseyrail electric urban network. The Strategic Plan for the North West, the SPNW, in 1973 envisaged that the Outer Loop which was to be an orbital line circling the city of Liverpool, the Edge Hill Spur which is a tunnel connecting the east of Liverpool to the central underground sections, and the lines to St. Helens, Wigan and Warrington would be electrified and all integrated into Merseyrail by 1991. This meant that trains from Warrington would access Liverpool city centre's underground stations via the Northern Line and Liverpool Central underground station, giving access to Liverpool's shopping and business quarters. This never transpired; however, it is a long term aspiration of Merseytravel. The Liverpool City Region Combined Authority announced in July 2021 that trials of battery electric Class 777 trains had been successful with the new units able to travel up to 20 miles on batteries. This opens up the possibilities of the trains being used to serve Warrington from Liverpool on this line, conforming to the original Merseyrail plan.

Trains run on electrified track between the cities of Liverpool and Manchester on the Northern route (Chat Moss route), however only diesel engine propulsion can be used on the Southern route (Cheshire Lines route). This line has been prioritised for full electrification between the two cities, however no date has been set for the commencement of works.

Northern operate two trains per hour on the southern route between Liverpool Lime Street and Warrington Central, with one train per hour extending to Manchester Oxford Road. The Manchester service is semi fast until Warrington, and the service terminating at Warrington calls at all stations (except Sankey for Penketh which receives a limited service). Northern operates a mixture of , Class 156 and Class 150 units along the line. East Midlands Railway operate an hourly fast service between Liverpool Lime Street and Norwich calling at Liverpool South Parkway, Widnes, Warrington Central, Manchester Oxford Road and Manchester Piccadilly. EMR mainly use Class 158s along the line, although Class 170s are used sometimes. TransPennine Express also operate a fast hourly service using this line from Liverpool Lime Street to Cleethorpes this was extended from Manchester Piccadilly in December 2022. All services call at Liverpool South Parkway, Warrington Central and Birchwood, most services call at Irlam and Urmston and a few services in the morning and evening peaks call at Warrington West. All TransPennine services on this route use units. In the past, the CLC route was used by a variety of local services in addition to limited stop expresses between the two cities. These included trains between Warrington Central and Stockport Tiviot Dale, Liverpool and Manchester to Wigan Central. and Liverpool to Southport Lord Street via Aintree Central. The latter route was closed as long ago as 1952. The diversion of Liverpool bound trains to Lime Street in 1966 and the closure of Manchester Central in 1969 (all trains subsequently running to Oxford Road and Piccadilly) saw the route downgraded in importance and from then until the mid 1980s it was operated as a self contained route due to congestion issues at the Manchester end. The service frequency was also lower than at present, for example the British Rail 1985 timetable showed one semi fast and one stopping train per hour in each direction on weekdays (excluding the weekday peak periods). Through running to destinations east of Manchester via this route began on a regular basis only in 1986, when the opening of a new connection at Hazel Grove allowed trains from the Sheffield direction to run via Stockport and thus avoid conflicting movements across the station throat at Piccadilly. The route from Liverpool to Manchester via Newton le Willows has been popular in recent years with steam locomotive worked excursion trains. The second route from Liverpool through Hunts Cross and Warrington Central to Manchester rarely sees steam worked excursion trains, the most recent being in 2013 for the 45th anniversary special run of the Fifteen Guinea Special. The original route through Newton le Willows was closed for electrification work.

as of 2016, the fastest journey times are around half an hour, which is little better than over a century earlier. The fastest recorded run was from Manchester Exchange to Liverpool Lime St in 30 minutes 46 seconds by a 1936 built Jubilee 5707 with 7 coaches. An 1882 built compound steam locomotive was timed on the same route in 38 minutes 18 seconds. Until 1968 trains from Liverpool to Manchester by all 3 routes were scheduled to take 40 minutes and often took less. The southern route via Warrington is now restricted to 85 mph and the northern route via Earlestown to 90 mph, with 75 mph over Chat Moss peat bog.