Потаватоми тілі: қайта жаңғырту және сақтау жолдары

Language

Potawatomi (,/p//ɒ//t//ə/'/w//ɒ//t//ə//m//i/, also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi Bodwéwadmimwen, Bodwéwadmi Zheshmowen, or Neshnabémwen) is a Central Algonquian language. It was historically spoken by the Pottawatomi people who lived around the Great Lakes in what are now Michigan and Wisconsin in the United States, and in southern Ontario in Canada. Federally recognized tribes in Michigan and Oklahoma are working to revive the language.

Cecelia Miksekwe Jackson, one of the last surviving native speakers of Potawatomi, died in May 2011, at the age of 88. She was known for working to preserve and teach the language. Donald Neaseno Perrot, a native speaker who grew up in the Powers Bluff, Wisconsin area, has a series of Potawatomi videos, a website, and books available to preserve the language. The federally recognized Pokégnek Bodéwadmik Pokagon Band of Potawatomi started a master apprentice program in which a "language student (the language apprentice) will be paired with fluent Potawatomi speakers (the language masters)" in January 2013. with webcast instruction and videoconferencing. There are also free online language courses on Mango Languages from the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi, released in October 2022. and on Memrise from the Citizen Potawatomi Nation in Oklahoma.

Potawatomi is a member of the Algonquian language family (itself a member of the larger Algic stock). It is usually classified as a Central Algonquian language, with languages such as Ojibwe, Cree, Menominee, Miami Illinois, Shawnee and Fox. The label Central Algonquian signifies a geographic grouping rather than the group of languages descended from a common ancestor language within the Algonquian family. Of the Central languages, Potawatomi is most similar to Ojibwe, but it also has borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from the Sauk. Generally, in developments since Indian Removal in the 19th century, Potawatomi has become differentiated in North America among separated populations. It is divided between Northern Potawatomi, spoken in Ontario, Canada; and Michigan and Wisconsin of the United States; and Southern Potawatomi, which is spoken in Kansas and Oklahoma, where certain Pottawatomi ancestors were removed who had formerly lived in Illinois and other areas east of the Mississippi River.

Though no standard orthography has been agreed upon by the Potawatomi communities, the system most commonly used is the "Pedagogical System" developed by the Wisconsin Native American Languages Program (WNALP). As the name suggests, it was designed to be used in language teaching. The system is based on the Roman alphabet and is phonemic, with each letter or digraph representing a contrastive sound. The letters used are a b ch d e é g ' h i j k m n o p s sh t w y z zh. In Kansas, a different system called BWAKA is used. It too is both based on the Roman alphabet and phonemic, with each letter or digraph representing a contrastive sound. The letters used are ' a b c d e e' g h i I j k m n o p s sh t u w y z zh.

Here, the phonology of the Northern dialect is described, which differs somewhat from that of the Southern dialect, spoken in Kansas. There are five vowel phonemes, four diphthongs, and nineteen consonant phonemes. , which is often written as , represents an open mid front unrounded vowel, represents the schwa, , which has several allophonic variants. Before , it becomes ; before , , and word finally, it becomes
is pronounced in Michigan and elsewhere. When it is in a closed syllable, it is pronounced There are also four diphthongs, , spelled Phonemic are realized as
Obstruents, as in many other Algonquian languages, do not have a voicing distinction per se but what is better termed a "strong"/"weak" distinction. "Strong" consonants, written as voiceless , are always voiceless, often aspirated, and longer in duration than the "weak" consonants, which are written as voiced and are often voiced and are not aspirated. Nasals before another consonant become syllabic, and , , and are dental: .

Potawatomi has six parts of speech: noun, verb, pronoun, prenoun, preverb, and particle.

There are two main types of pronoun: personal pronouns and demonstrative pronouns. As nouns and verbs use inflection to describe anaphoric reference, the main use of the free pronouns is for emphasis.

+ Conjugation sample of majit 'to leave' Independent Conjunct 1sg nmaji majiyan 2sg gmaji majiyen 3sg maji(wak) majit 3sg. obv majin majinet 1sg. excl nmajimen majiyak 1pl. incl gmajimen majiygo 2pl gmajim majiyék 3pl majik majiwat