Сен-Рафаэль: Францияның Жерорта теңіз жағасындағы қаласы

Saint Raphaël (sɛ̃ ʁafaɛl; ) is a commune in the Var department, Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur region, Southeastern France. Immediately to the west of Saint Raphaël lies a larger and older town, Fréjus; together they form an urban agglomeration known as Var Estérel Méditerranée, which also encompasses the smaller communes of Les Adrets de l'Estérel, Puget sur Argens and Roquebrune sur Argens. In the second half of the 19th century, the township came under the influence of Mayor Felix Martin and writer Jean Baptiste Alphonse Karr; owing to their efforts and its beneficial climate the commune developed into a seaside resort popular with artists, sportsmen and politicians. It is the seat of the canton of Saint Raphaël, also encompassing Fréjus and Les Adrets de l'Estérel, which is the economic and cultural centre of Eastern Var, within the arrondissement of Draguignan. Its inhabitants are called Raphaëlois in French generally, or Rafelencs in Provençal Occitan.

In 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte and his forces arrived by ship from Egypt, prior to his coup d'état in Paris, and landed at a fishing village that was the commune of Saint Raphaël. The coastal double track rail link between Saint Raphaël and Nice passes over a substantial viaduct constructed right on the shoreline at Anthéor. These tracks were of strategic importance to the Axis forces during World War II for supplying material to units in France. There were three separate air raids made on this viaduct from England, between September 1943 and February 1944, involving a total of thirty one Lancaster bombers operating some seven hundred miles from base. Aircraft of the second raid flew on to Rabat, and from the third raid on to Sardinia. One Lancaster from the first raid was lost, and a flight lieutenant bomb aimer on the third raid was killed by enemy fire, some of which came from ships at sea. All the raids failed in their objective and the rail link was not severed. During World War II, on August 15, 1944, it was one of the sites of a beach landing in Operation Dragoon, the Allied invasion of southern France.

Saint Raphaël is located at the extreme eastern end of the Var, along the border with the adjacent département of Alpes Maritimes, which occupies the far south eastern corner of France at the frontier with Italy. The commune has a total of thirty six kilometres of Mediterranean coastline, owing mainly to the many coves and creeks formed between the natural region of the Esterel Massif (Massif de l'Esterel) and the sea. This places it second only to Marseilles, with fifty seven kilometres of coastline. The commune is 89.59 km2 in extent. It is almost completely urbanised in the west, but includes over 60 km2 of protected areas of natural forest and the Esterel mountains. Saint Raphaël has four large sandy beaches: one near the city centre, called the Veillat; one at Boulouris; one at Le Dramont, and the fourth at Agay. There are two smaller ones at Anthéor and Le Trayas.

Saint Raphaël is separated from Fréjus by the River Pédégal: fed by the Garonne, the Adrets of l'Esterel, Saint Jean de Cannes and Saint Jean de l'Esterel. The River Agay flows from the mountains down through the village of that name, and is fed by the streams Cabre, Perthus and Grenouillet. The Grenouillet is the most important of these streams, having average flows of between 43 cu m/s in July and 1160 cu m/s in January. The River Valescure, which is channelled through the Barrage des Crous (dam), discharges into the River Reyran at Fréjus.

From east to west the commune has several mountain summits rising from the massif. Mont Vinaigre in Fréjus stands at , Rastel d'Agay at , Pic de l'Ours (carrying a transmitter aerial) at , Pic du Cap Roux at , and Pic d'Aurèle at
Situated almost entirely on the Esterel Massif, the commune sits on soil of red porphyr, which makes for very picturesque scenes along the coast where the soil and rocks are exposed on cliff faces and rocky shores. Three important and spectacular rocks dominate the seascape: Cap Roux at , Saint Pilon at , and the Rock of Saint Barthélemy.

Immediately to the west and north west of Saint Raphaël lies the ancient town of Fréjus. To the north lie the hamlets of Saint Jean de l'Esterel et Saint Jean de Cannes, both within the Fréjus commune. To the extreme north east, beyond Le Trayas, is the small resort of Miramar, lying within the commune of Théoule sur Mer. The Mediterranean Sea lies to the south of the whole Saint Raphaël commune.

St. Raphaël is located on the Côte d'Azur and enjoys a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, humid winters. The Mistral wind occurs, although sometimes the town is sheltered from this by the Massif des Maures and the Esterel. It is perhaps more exposed to the Levant (strong, easterly, wet) or the Sirocco (very strong, southerly, hot) air flows, but these occur rarely. The wind velocity record was established on 30 January 1986, with gusts of per hour.