Ральф де Гаэль: Нормандық граф және Англия тарихындағы рөлі

11th century earl of East Anglia

Ralph de Gaël (otherwise Ralph de Guader, Ralph Wader or Radulf Waders or Ralf Waiet is named as 'nephew of Earl Ralph', and a Godwin, English with Anglo Saxon and possible Dutch connections, is named as Earl Ralph's uncle. Other sources cite a possible relation (possibly a cousin), to rebel Hereward the Wake, also stated to be of noble birth. His wedding feast and associations highlight connections to both Anglo Saxon and Danish nobles, as well as his vast inherited lands in Brittany.

He inherited the great Breton barony of Gaël, which comprised more than forty parishes. In England, he also inherited estates, but it is not known whether he obtained the Earldom of Norfolk immediately on his father's death. Shortly after the Norman conquest, he held large estates in Norfolk, as well as property in Suffolk, Essex, Hertford, and possibly other counties. He was named Earl of East Anglia by William I. Some accounts suggest that his service in the conquest restored lands that were already his by inheritance. This is mentioned in the Norman chronicler Wace's account of the conquest of 1066:

In 1065 he was with Conan II, Duke of Brittany when he besieged Rivallon I of Dol, Lord of Dol, in the castle of Combourg. He fought at the Battle of Hastings in 1066, and was known for his bravery and strength of character. Later he is found in February or March 1068 at William the Conqueror's court. Then in 1069, he routed a force of Norsemen which had invaded Norfolk and occupied Norwich, and he would later be created Earl of Norfolk and Suffolk, or of the East Angles, as "Comes", a hereditary count. Ralph built a church, St Peter Mancroft in Norwich, in the new town, and gave it to his chaplains.

He married, in 1075 at the manor of Exning, Cambridgeshire, Emma, only daughter of William FitzOsbern, 1st Earl of Hereford and his first wife Alice (or Adelise/Adelissa), daughter of Roger I of Tosny. Their marriage united two extremely large estates, as well as noble lines, including to the English Saxon kings and queens of old. Some writers have indicated that King William I may have seen the alliance as a threat to his reign.

The king's refusal to sanction the marriage between Ralph and Emma, from two powerful families, caused a revolt in his absence. Ralph and Emma married in spite of the King's disapproval. At the Wedding Feast 'Bride Ale', Ralph, his new brother in law Roger de Breteuil, 2nd Earl of Hereford, and Anglo Saxon Earl Waltheof, 1st Earl of Northumberland planned a revolt against the king. Orderic Vitalis stated some of the grievances that led to the revolt. The last of the Anglo Saxon Earls, Waltheof had been known in his life as kind and pious. A cult later developed around Waltheof, who became a martyr to the oppressed English. His body is believed to have moved after death, he appeared in visions, and healing miracles were reported at his tomb, and many pilgrims began to visit his grave. The Norse poet Þorkell Skallason composed a memorial poem for Waltheof—"Valþjófsflokkr". Immediately after the confession of Waltheof, the Revolt now had inadequate time to prepare. Ralph retreated from the force led by warrior bishops Odo of Bayeux and Geoffrey de Montbray (the latter ordered that all rebels should have their right foot cut off) near Cambridge and retreated hurriedly to Norwich, hotly pursued by the royal army. Emma stayed to defend Norwich Castle, while Ralph sailed for Denmark in search of help (which may indicate familial ties), and returned to England with a fleet of 200 ships under Knud, son of King Svend, and Jarl Hakon, which arrived too late, and instead sacked the Norman Cathedral St Peter's Minster in York, where a previous Saxon church had been destroyed.

Following Ralph and Emma's escape from England, they settled at their inherited lands in Brittany. located at the confluence of the Meu river. William met with a humiliating defeat. His forces were overwhelmed and resoundingly defeated as the King of France, with a large army, roared to the defence of the Bretons; whereupon William departed thence, having lost there both men and horses, and many of his treasures'. This resulted in such great losses for King William, that he conceded defeat, and "with so great loss of men, horses, and money, that the next year he was glad to make peace with him; and thus ended the whole affair, in the year 1077". but died shortly thereafter, according to Orderic Vitalis. Alain de Gael, who went with his parents on the First Crusade. He was the youngest, but inherited his father's estates. By 1119, he had obtained the honour of Breteuil in Normandy (his uncle William de Breteuil died 1103 without any legitimate issue). French sources state that his son, Guillame, After this, they joined Bohemund I of Antioch's division of the army. Ralph is again mentioned as fighting at the Battle of Dorylaeum with his son Alan on 1 July 1097. Ralph and Emma died in the holy land, witnessing the capture of Jerusalem in 1099, but dying the following year on the road from Jerusalem.