Кастеллан: Тарихы мен географиясы

the neighbourhood in Marseille

Castellane (kastɛlan; Provençal Occitan: Castelana) is a commune in the Alpes de Haute Provence department in the Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur region in Southeastern France. With a population of 1,470 (2019), it has the distinction of being France's least populated subprefecture, ahead of Largentière in Ardèche. Its inhabitants are referred to as Castellanais (masculine) and Castellanaises (feminine).

Castellane features a warm summer mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csb), bordering on a mediterraneran continental climate (Köppen: Dsb). Summers are warm to hot and dry, while winters are cold and snowy.

The commune contains of wood and forests (about 59% of its surface area). The Massif du Montdenier [fr] extends over the western part of the commune (former communes of Taulanne, Chasteuil and Villars Brandis).

Castellane's name appeared in texts for the first time circa 965–977 as Petra Castellana. The name breaks down into three Occitan terms, pèira, castel and the suffix ana, which means fortified rock and village, and could be translated as "Castellane rock", in other words, the rock that has a fortified village, or simply the stronghouse or stronghold. Castellane is called Castelana in the Provençal dialect in the classical norm, or Castelano in the Mistralian. The former commune of Castillon, now beneath the lake, appeared around 1300 as de Castilhone, an Occitan word for a small castle. The first part of the name "Chasteuil" is obscure, but the second, ialo, is a Celtic suffix for "clearing". The village of Robion has the same name as the river that and flows through it into the Jabron River [fr] and takes its source from the Massif du Robion to the east of the village. The name in Rubione, which first appeared for it in 1045, is derived from the vulgar Latin robigonem, a distortion of the classical Latin robiginem for rust, according to Ernest Nègre. Charles Rostaing, on the other hand, believed that the name might predate the Gauls and designate a steep sided ravine. Taloire [fr], was first mentioned in 1095 when the château of Taloire was given to the Abbey of St. Victor, Marseille, which became the lay seigneur of the fief. It derived its name from the Occitan talador, meaning soldiers especially recruited to devastate the land of an adversary. Adding the ia suffix designates, either a land inhabited by these devastators, or a land devastated by the taladors. Rostaing thought this name also probably also predated the Gauls. Bénédicte and Jean Jacques Fénié [fr] noted a tautology: *Tal et *Tor , the teo roots. The name "Taloire" contains two terms designating a mountain.

The plague struck the town again in 1630. The Jansenist bishop Jean Soanen tried to make the celebrations of Saint Sacrement, Saint Jean and Saint Éloi more sedate and less unbridled, the youth of the town having a tradition of celebrating with drums, music and gunshots. The youth refused, resisted, made even more noise and even revolted, preventing the procession of the octave du Saint Sacrement from leaving the church on 22 June 1710. In 1726 the youth of Robion, whom the priest wanted to prevent from dancing on Sunday, also revolted. then the surrounding villages, as far as the château of Trigance. After some difficulty, the Spanish and French armies coordinated a counteroffensive, which began at the start of January when French soldiers under the orders of the Count of Maulévrier took an Austrian outpost in Chasteuil. The Austrian commander, Maximilian Ulysses Browne, reinforced his right wing with four battalions garrisoned at Castellane, and six on the south bank of the Verdon. Seven other battalions formed a second available squadron. Nine battalions and ten squads of Spaniards were stationed in Riez and 2,500 Swiss paid by Spain were stationed at Senez. The 21st of January, Hispano French troops went on the offensive, commanded by the Frenchman Maulévrier and the Spanish Marquis of Taubin. The Spanish left their quarters by night and advanced on Castellane through the clue de Taulanne, while the French passing through the Vodon gorge. The difficult marches necessary to approach in this way nonetheless allowed a coordinated attack around 7am. The first outposts were taken without difficulty, which allowed Maulévrier to connect on his left with Taubin, and to send a column of dragoons onto the right bank to cut the Austrians' retreat. This assault took the Austrian Sardinians fortifications without difficulty, the French Spanish entered the town and did prevent the last Austrians from retreating. In all, they took 287 Austrians prisoner, including the baron de Neuhaus, the lieutenant general in command. The Austrian Sardinians also had a hundred odd dead, versus twenty Franco Spanish soldiers. The villages of La Garde, Eoulx, Robion, Taloire, Trigance and Comps were evacuated on January 22. In 1760, a tax imposed by the king of Piedmont Sardinia on sales of cloth brought a large reduction in the town's textile production. Production of cadis [fr], a local form of wool, and of cordeillat, a coarse woolen fabric, continued until the Revolution, and was used by the local residents. Until the Revolution salt was produced from two local salt marshes. On the eve of the French Revolution, several fiefs existed on the actual territory of the commune: Éoulx, Le Castellet de Robion (which became a barony in 1755), Chasteuil, Taulanne and Castillon, plus Castellane. On the same territory there were nine parishes: Castillon, La Baume, Taulanne, La Palud, Chasteuil, Taloire, Villars Brandis, Robion, et Castellane. The parish of Éoulx overlapped the community of La Garde. The city of Castellane alone paid more tax than Digne; it was an important rural town, both for its judiciary functions (with eight lawyers and five prosecutors) and for its production, with twelve factories: among which were six hat shops, two wax factories, one faïence works, one tile factory, one silk fabrication works, and the leather industry was also represented. A royal post office was also installed in Castellane near the end of the Ancien Régime.

The cloth industry, already well established in the preceding century, prospered in the first half of the 19th century. But cottage industries were replaced by the Barneaud factory, built in the late 1830s on the model of the Honnorat factory in Saint André de Méouilles. It employed nine workers in 1872, then disappeared in 1878. The Revolution and the Empire brought social reforms, including proportional taxation based on the assets. In order to put this in place on a precise basis, a land registry was drawn up. The loi de finances du 15 septembre 1807 specified its methods, but its accomplishment took time to get started, since the officials conducting the cadastre dealt with the communes in successive geographic groups. Not until 1834–1835 was the land registry known as the Napoleonic cadastre of Castellane and its associated communes finished. The coup d'état of 2 December 1851 committed by Louis Napoléon Bonaparte against the Second Republic provoked an armed uprising in the Basses Alpes in defense of the Constitution. Insurgent republicans took a number of cities in the center and south of France, including Digne, the prefecture of the Basses Alpes, and held them for several days. The local fighters held out the longest, almost three weeks. But this allowed Bonaparte to portray himself as the protector of France, and many participants were sent to penal colonies in Lambesa and Cayenne, banished or less permanently exiled. Eight inhabitants of Castellane were brought before the commission mixte; their most common penalty was deportation to Algeria.

On 10 September 1926, the sous préfecture was eliminated in the economic plan of Raymond Poincaré, then re established by the Vichy government in June 1942. An internment camp was built in Chaudanne during World War II. Seventeen Jews were arrested in Castellane and deported. On 9 December 1943, the French armée secrète (AS) and the Francs tireurs et partisans (FTP) attacked the construction site at the Castillon dam and seized five tonnes of explosives. The commune was liberated 18 August 1944 by the 36th division of British infantry. In the mid 20th century wine growing for local consumption ended.

The Rock which dominates the city, rising to (over above the Verdon), is a listed historical site. The oldest monument in the territory of the commune is the dolmen of Pierres Blanches Neolithic Chalcolithic, a registered historical site on private property. The Roc towers above the community of Castellane. The Musée des sirènes et fossiles and the Moyen Verdon are networked with other museums in the Gorges du Verdon, including the home of Pauline Gréoux les Bains, the museum of the life of yesteryear Esparron de Verdon, home gorges du Verdon in La Palud sur Verdon and the Museum of prehistory in Quinson gorges du Verdon.

The bridge of the Roc, which carries the Sisteron Vence road across the river, was built in the first decade of the fifteenth century, replacing a succession of several wooden bridges, the last spanning the Verdon in 1300 and destroyed by Raimond de Turenne [fr] in 1390. The construction of the new bridge parallels that of Nyons (built in 1401, long), Pont de Claix (built in 1607–13, long), Tournon (built in the sixteenth century, long) and Entrechaux ( long). Pope Benedict XIII granted indulgences to anyone who gave alms to finance its construction. The rearguard of the Austrian Sardinian army was caught there by a sortie from the garrison. The tympana of the Roc bridge have been restored several times. Metal tie rods were laid in 1697–99. The bridge as a whole was restored in 2008 and closed to traffic. It was decommissioned in 1967 and delisted in 1982. The bridge and its approaches have been a registered historical site since 1940. The library is in the former convent of the Visitation, founded in 1644. The eighteenth century castle at Éoulx is richly decorated with plasterwork, including the first floor ceilings, the panels surrounding the doors, the rosette in the second floor ceilings. Externally, it has two towers, with arched openings. The town hall is housed in the building that used to be the savings bank. It resembles a villa: balconies supported by large corbels and thick balusters, and a façade adorned with a pediment. Catellane's largest fountain, in the main square, features a pyramid on which is carved a compass crossed by a carpenter's square, two chisels and a mallet, emblems of the Freemasons. At the top of the pyramid is a pedestal with a ball. On National Street, two doors have transoms or capitals with volutes, and one lintel is decorated with carved foliage. In the town, several buildings, mostly dry stone, have been recorded in the inventory of topographic DRAC. One of them, in Rayaup, dates from the eighteenth century (the inscription that says 1586 is very recent).

Parts of the old parish church of Saint Victor date from the mid 11th century. It is listed as an historical building. It was constructed in a similar manner and on the same plane as the Church of St. Andrew in the old village above the modern day town, and was formerly the seat of a priory of the Abbey of St. Victor in Marseille. The apse is decorated with Lombard bands, which have been described as remarkable, each arch carved from a single stone. Unusually for the region, it has a Roman nave, with arches rebuilt in the 17th century. The base of the tower dates from 1445, but its top was rebuilt in the 18th century following damage by Protestants in 1560. The altar dates from 1724. The choir is adorned with paintings framed in wood, and an Annunciation carved in relief from gilded wood (18th century, on historical register). The wooden furniture, the stalls, the pulpit and the lectern with its hexagonal base, form an interesting 18th and 19th century set, some of which is on the historic register. The furnishings also include an early 17th century silver chalice with an unusual multilobed foot, also on the historic register.

Castellane is twinned with Pescasseroli, Italy.