Ирландиядағы сыра зауырының тарихы: Beamish және Crawford

Defunct brewery in Cork, Ireland

Porter from Great Britain, and England in particular, had for a long time been more popular in Ireland than Irish porter, as Irish porter was taxed at a higher rate than imported porter. This changed in 1791, when British porter became subject to higher taxes than Irish porter, giving rise to the brewing of porter in Ireland. William Beamish and William Crawford, both merchants descended from British settlers in Ireland, entered a business partnership in July 1785. Richard Barrett and Digby O’Brien, already partners in an ale brewery in Cork, approached Beamish and Crawford in 1791, likely in the summertime, as they wanted to enter into the then booming porter industry, but lacked the capital to do so themselves.

The Cork Porter Brewery was founded in 1791 by Beamish, Crawford, Barrett, and O’Brien. They purchased an existing brewery from Edward Allen (the son of Aylmer Allen who had run the brewery until his death in May 1791) on a site in Cramer's Lane that had been used for brewing since at least 1650 (and possibly as early as 1500). A result of the popularity of Father Theobald Matthew's temperance movement (which unlike previous temperance movements, aimed at teetotalism rather than only the avoidance of spirits), Beamish and Crawford experienced a steady decline in sales between 1839 and 1843. Father Matthew's campaign was at its peak between 1837 and 1843, and beer output in Ireland fell from over a million barrels per annum, to roughly half that number. Between the years 1839 and 1843, Beamish and Crawford matched that trend, decreasing from an output of 63,031 barrels in 1839 to 32,848 in 1843. Following the decline of the temperance movement, Beamish and Crawford sales began to increase, though it is expected that the company would have experienced much greater growth but for the effects of the Great Famine, which began in 1845. Though were unaffected by the famine contemporaneously (the brewery actually reporting an increase in sales in the period through to 1848), the following economic impact of the famine led to a resultant decrease in sales. From the foundation, Beamish and Crawford dominated the Cork porter market, until in 1856 James J. Murphy opened Lady's Well Brewery. Ongoing conflict within the Beamish family, as well as a rise in sectarianism (the Murphy family were a prominent Catholic family in Cork at the time) enabled Murphy's to challenge Beamish and Crawford's dominance. Initially Murphy's did not enjoy much success, and after less than two years in business, members of the family approached Beamish and Crawford hoping that the latter would purchase their new brewery, but they were rebuffed. This resulted in Murphy's going to great lengths to challenge Beamish and Crawford, and they began acquiring public houses and underselling Beamish and Crawford porter. On 14 February 1861, both breweries signed "an agreement for mutual non interference", though by this point, Murphy's had positioned itself as a competitor. While in 1861 Murphy's sold roughly a third of what Beamish and Crawford did, by 1863 they sold over half. Beamish and Crawford's sale of 116,076 barrels of porter in 1861 would not be surpassed until 1901. In 1865, the brewery underwent a modernisation programme and was completely revamped at a cost of £100,000. Alfred Barnard, a noted brewing and distilling historian, remarked in his book The Noted Breweries of Great Britain and Ireland in 1889 that:
"The business of Beamish & Crawford in Cork is a very old one dating as far back as the seventeenth century and it is said to be the most ancient porter brewery in Ireland." The company went public in 1901, issuing a share capital of £480,000. Further expansion was aided by the acquisition of a number of local breweries in the early 1900s. In 1962, it was purchased by the Canadian brewing firm Carling O'Keefe Ltd, who embarked on a modernisation programme at the brewery. In 1987, Elders IXL purchased Canadian Breweries (incorporating Carling O'Keefe). In 1995, Elders sold the brewery to Scottish & Newcastle. With the 2008 takeover of Scottish & Newcastle, the brewery passed into the hands of its main Cork based rival Heineken International. In December 2008, it was announced that the Beamish and Crawford brewery was to close in March 2009 with the loss of 120 jobs. Production was moved to the nearby Heineken Brewery (previously Murphy's), with about forty of the Beamish staff moved to Heineken. The brewery buildings (including the Tudor fronted "counting house") are still in the heart of Cork's medieval city, close to the South Gate. The original brewery facilities are subject to planning permission for use as a visitor and events centre.