Сандардың тарихы: Үнді-Араб сандарының пайда болуы мен дамуы

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The Hindu–Arabic numeral system is a decimal place value numeral system that uses a zero glyph as in "205". Its glyphs are descended from the Indian Brahmi numerals. The full system emerged by the 8th to 9th centuries, and is first described outside India in Al Khwarizmi's On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals (ca. 825), and second Al Kindi's four volume work On the Use of the Indian Numerals (ca. 830). Today the name Hindu–Arabic numerals is usually used.

Historians trace modern numerals in most languages to the Brahmi numerals, which were in use around the middle of the 3rd century BC. During the Gupta period (early 4th century to the late 6th century), the Gupta numerals developed from the Brahmi numerals and were spread over large areas by the Gupta empire as they conquered territory. Such objectified numbers were used extensively from the 6th century onward, especially after Varāhamihira ( 5th century CE). Zero is explicitly represented in such numbers as "the void" (sunya) or the "heaven space" (ambara akasha). Correspondingly, the dot used in place of zero in written numerals was referred to as a sunya bindu.]] In 628 CE, astronomer mathematician Brahmagupta wrote his text Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta which contained the first mathematical treatment of zero. He defined zero as the result of subtracting a number from itself, postulated negative numbers and discussed their properties under arithmetical operations. His word for zero was shunya (void), the same term previously used for the empty spot in 9 digit place value system. This provided a new perspective on the shunya bindu as a numeral and paved the way for the eventual evolution of a zero digit. The dot continued to be used for at least 100 years afterwards, and transmitted to Southeast Asia and Arabia. Kashmir's Sharada script has retained the dot for zero until this day. By the end of the 7th century, decimal numbers begin to appear in inscriptions in Southeast Asia as well as in India. Some scholars hold that they appeared even earlier. A 6th century copper plate grant at Mankani bearing the numeral 346 (corresponding to 594 CE) is often cited. But its reliability is subject to dispute. The first indisputable occurrence of 0 in an inscription occurs at Gwalior in 876 CE, containing a numeral "270" in a notation surprisingly similar to ours. Throughout the 8th and 9th centuries, both the old Brahmi numerals and the new decimal numerals were used, sometimes appearing in the same inscriptions. In some documents, a transition is seen to occur around 866 CE. According to Al Qifti's History of Learned Men: Irrespective of whether this is wrong, since all Indian texts after Aryabhata's Aryabhatiya used the Indian number system, certainly from this time the Arabs had a translation of a text written in the Indian number system. The numerals came to fame due to their use in the pivotal work of the Persian mathematician Al Khwarizmi, whose book On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals was written about 825, and the Arab mathematician Al Kindi, who wrote four volumes (see [2]) "On the Use of the Indian Numerals" (Ketab fi Isti'mal al 'Adad al Hindi) about 830. They, amongst other works, contributed to the diffusion of the Indian system of numeration in the Middle East and the West.

976. The first Arabic numerals in Europe appeared in the Codex Vigilanus in the year 976. 1202. Fibonacci, an Italian mathematician who had studied in Béjaïa (Bougie), Algeria, promoted the Arabic numeral system in Europe with his book Liber Abaci, which was published in 1202. 1482. The system did not come into wide use in Europe, however, until the invention of printing. (See, for example, the 1482 Ptolemaeus map of the world printed by Lienhart Holle in Ulm, and other examples in the Gutenberg Museum in Mainz, Germany.) 1512. The numbers appear in their modern form on the titlepage of the “Conpusicion de la arte de la arismetica y juntamente de geometría" written by Juan de Ortega. 1549. These are correct format and sequence of the "modern numbers" in titlepage of the Libro Intitulado Arithmetica Practica by Juan de Yciar, the Basque calligrapher and mathematician, Zaragoza 1549. In the last few centuries, the European variety of Arabic numbers was spread around the world and gradually became the most commonly used numeral system in the world. Even in many countries in languages which have their own numeral systems, the European Arabic numerals are widely used in commerce and mathematics.