Нақшу қаласының тарихы мен географиясы

the city

Nagqu contains 89 townships, 25 towns, and 1,283 villages. The main city of Nagqu is by the China National Highway 109 northeast of Lhasa. Amdo, Nyainrong and Xainza are other towns of note. Extremely rich in water resources, with 81% of Tibet's lakes, covering a total area of over , it contains lakes such as Namtso, Siling Lake and rivers such as Dangqu. Every August (the sixth month in the Tibetan calendar), Nagqu hosts the Kyagqen Horse Race, a major event locally attracting tens of thousands of herdsmen to participate in horseracing and archery contests.

Nagqu was once known as "Heihe" which comes from that the Tibetan word means black river. It was named after Nagqu River which is the upper master stream of the Nu River running through the territory. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was known as "Hala Wusu" (transliteration of the "Black River" in Mongolian). In modern times, Nagqu (the area around Nagqu Town) is called "Wu'erguxiong" or "Seruxiangba" .

Nagqu appeared clearly in the earliest historical materials, it was part of the ancient Zhangzhung and it was called Yangtong in Chinese historical records. In Tibetan historical records, the place was called "Zhuodai" , meaning "nomadic tribe", and the inhabitants here were called "Zhuoba" , meaning "nomads"; or "Qiangba" , meaning "northerner"; or "Changri", it means the northern tribe. In the era of the ascendancy of Zhangzhung, as its inhabitants divided their territory into the inner, outer and middle three parts. The modern Nagqu roughly is the territories of middle Zhangzhung and outer Zhangzhung. The dzong architecture of Dangnuoqiong was the center of middle Zhangzhung, it was located round the lake of Tangra Yumco in the southwest of Nagqu. As the Zhangzhung Regime was weakened, its territory shrank to the west. The earliest mosque was built in the 14th century. During the Song Dynasty, Nagqu was called one of the Four Northern Tribes In 1269, the Mongolian soldiers began to garrison in the northern Tibet, and later the "39 Tribes of Hor" (, ) formed Mongolian forces in northern Tibet. In 1731, the Qing Government placed the territory of 39 Tribes under the direct jurisdiction of the Amban. In 1751, Kanxiang Dzong in Nagqu was formed to the direct rule of the Kashag Government, and part of the area was under the jurisdiction of Panchen. Around the Xinhai Revolution, the government of the Kashag Government relegated the region of 39 Tribes to its rule and forcibly took over the Panchen Lama. In 1916, the "Hor Director" was established. In 1942, the prefecture of Changchub Chikyab (, ) was formed. In 1951, the seat of Changchub Chikyab Prefecture was Nagqu (Heihe) Town, the prefecture administered the pasture land to the northern Lhasa and 6 dzongs in Heihe area, the Conference Hall of Panchen Chamber administered Damusajia Dzong The prefecture of Changchub Chikyab had jurisdiction over 14 dzongs in 1954. The Preparatory Committee of Tibet Autonomous Region set up Chikyab Office in Nagqu in October 1956, The prefecture of Changchub Chikyab was renamed to Heihe in 1959, the prefecture of Heihe was renamed to Nagqu in January 1960, its seat was Heihe County (modern Seni District). and it was officially established on May 7, 2018.

Nagqu is located in the northeast of Tibet. Nagqu Town is by the China National Highway 109 northeast of Lhasa. Nagqu is bordered by Bayingolin and Hotan Prefectures of Xinjiang to the north, Haixi, Yushu Prefectures of Qinghai and Chamdo to the east, Nyingchi, Lhasa and Shigatse to the south, and Ngari Prefecture to the west. It covers an area of on the north side of Nyenchen Tanglha Mountains, and on the eastern end of the Changtang Plateau. The average altitude is more than above sea level. Principal towns in the region include Nagqu Town, Amdo, Nyainrong and Xainza. The principal rivers of Nagqu are the Dangqu, Zhajia Zangbo, Jiagang Zangbu, Suoqu, Xiaqu, Benqu, Ba Qingqu, and Yiqu with hundreds more throughout the region. Purugangri Glacier is located about from Nagqu town within Qiangtang Nature Reserve, at 6,000 to 6,800 metres above sea level. Covering an area of , it has been confirmed to be the world's third largest. Nagqu is a natural disaster prone region, being affected by monsoon climate, plate geology movements, plus complex terrain and other disaster causing factors. The annual average temperature is , while the coldest temperatures can reach minus Overall it classifies as a dry winter subalpine climate (Dwc) bordering on a cool semi arid climate (BSk), with comfortable, humid summers and long, frigid, dry, windy winters. The differences between day and night are severe. It is not uncommon to have nights with temperatures below freezing after days with temperatures of or days with temperatures above freezing in winter after night temperatures of Annual sunshine totals more than 2,886 hours. Nagqu town had an average annual rainfall of between 1956 and 2010.

The Naqu City People's Government administrative headquarters is located at No. 3, Zhejiang West Road in the main town. It has 89 townships, 25 towns, and 1283 villages under its jurisdiction. Map Name Simplified Chinese Hanyu Pinyin Tibetan Wylie Population Area (km2) Density (/km2)Seni District色尼区Sèní Qūgser rnyed chus108,78116,1956.71Lhari County嘉黎县Jiālí Xiànlha ri rdzong32,35613,0562.47Biru County比如县Bǐrú Xiàn'bri ru rdzong60,17911,6805.15Nyainrong County聂荣县Nièróng Xiàngnyan rong rdzong32,3769,0173.59Amdo County安多县Ānduō Xiàna mdo rdzong37,80243,4110.87Xainza County申扎县Shēnzhā Xiànshan rtsa rdzong20,28525,5460.79Sog County索县Suǒ Xiànsog rdzong43,6215,7447.59Baingoin County班戈县Bāngē Xiàndpal mgon rdzong36,84228,3831.29Baqên County巴青县Bāqīng Xiànsbra chen rdzong48,28410,3264.67Nyima County尼玛县Nímǎ Xiànnyi ma rdzong29,85672,4990.41Shuanghu County双湖县Shuānghú Xiànmtsho gnyis rdzong11,999116,6370.10

By 2009, 55 different minerals had been discovered in the region, with the largest mineral reserves being iron, chromium, gold, antimony, lead, zinc, copper, boron, lithium, rock salt and gypsum. There are significant reserves of oil, natural gas, oil shale and others, though Nagqu had long been severely backwards in energy production and usage to the point that at one stage only Nagqu Town had a 2 MW diesel power plant. Geothermal energy production began investigation in 1984. Nagqu geothermal field lies away from Nagqu Town, and covers an area of Jiagang Hydropower Station in Xainza County was built in the 1990s and as of 2008 serves about 20,000 nomadic households across the county. In June 2019, Jinqiao Hydropower Station, the first hydropower station to be built with a rock fill concrete gravity dam in Tibet, was inaugurated in Lhari County, serving some 30,000 local farmers and herdsmen in an area previously without electricity. The station and dam reportedly cost 1.4 billion yuan (about 202.7 million U. S. dollars) and has an annual power generation capacity of 357 million kilowatt hours. With Nagqu being one of China's five biggest pastures, and possibly the highest in the world at above sea level, most counties rely on animal husbandry, and few counties are semi agricultural and semi animal husbandry areas. Agriculture and animal husbandry accounted for 1.923 billion yuan. By 2015, the manufacturing industry was expected to be valued at 1.852 billion yuan, an increase of 23.4%. Production of medicines and Tibetan carpets have significantly increased in recent times. As of 2015 there were 5 scientific research institutions and 11 agricultural and animal husbandry science and technology related institutions, employing 5,856 professional and technical personnel.

Nagqu contains a number of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries. Shodain Monastery (also known as "Shodain Yarba" or "Shadain"), with around 350 lamas, is one of the most significant, and is governed by Sera Monastery in Lhasa. The monastery was established in 1884 and originally belonged to the Nyingma sect before the Geru sect. The 13th Dalai Lama lived at the monastery for over a month in 1908 during his return journey from Beijing. He inaugurated the Grand Summons Ceremony to be held annually on January 4 in the Tibetan calendar. The Changmo dance, also known as Je Changmo or Jusong Changmo Qin (Changmo means dance or hop, is common practice at Shodain during August. The middle roof of the monastery contains a golden law wheel surrounded by two golden sheep, alikened to that of Jokhang Monastery in Lhasa. Tsanden Monastery (also Zanden or Sanden) in Sog County was built in 1668 under the orders of Drepung Monastery. It covers an area of 25,975 square meters and with its white palace and red palace resembles the Potala Palace from a distance. The monastery contains numerous statues of Buddhas, murals, scriptures and works of art. Badan Bonner temple, founded by Shichong Garmahan is in the village of Sechang Village in Sog County, and contains an oratory and traditional Tibetan bleaching room. Zhajun Monastery in the southeast of Baingoin County contains a scripture hall, Buddha hall and Sengshe and is dedicated primarily to Shakyamuni. Every August (June in the Tibetan calendar), Nagqu hosts the Kyagqen Horse Race, a major event locally, attracting tens of thousands of herdsmen who arrive in Nagqu on their horses and with goods. They set up camp in tents in the southern part of the main town and participate in horse racing, horsemanship and archery contests on August 10. Hats, mostly made from lamb skins and artificial leather and an "antenna like stripe of fabric at the top" are worn by women during the festival. In Baingoin County, the Qiduo Cave Paintings are significant, with one cave containing over 200 images of animals, characters and symbols.

Nagqu contains a high biodiversity of wildlife. There are wild goats, stone sheep, scorpions, donkeys, bears, foxes, wolves, and birds such as Tibetan finch, brown backed crow, pheasant, vulture, wild ducks, swans, black necked cranes, and red crowned cranes. As of 2018 seven wildlife sanctuaries have been established in Nagqu. The 400,000 hectare Siling Co National Nature Reserve (also Selincuo Reserve or Xainza Nature Reserve) around Siling Lake was established in 1993 and contains significant populations of black necked cranes and some 120 species of birds in total. The Yalong Scenic Area, covering an area of was established in 1988 and is located in the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River in the vicinity of Zedang Town. Fritillaria grow on alpine bushes and alpine meadows at an altitude of 4000–5000 meters, and is valued in Chinese herbal medicine for its ability to loosen mucus on the lungs and cure pulmonary related ailments. Cordyceps sinensis is also valued for its effect on the lungs and kidneys, and is eaten as a delicacy in soups in restaurants in countries such as Singapore. Snow Lotus and Musk, known for its central nervous system stimulating effect, are also grown. Due to the region being too cold for trees to grow, the Chinese government are considering using solar power to introduce new forested areas to Nagqu, though it is not believed to be economically sustainable.