Сулы қалампыр және оның сипаттамалары

Species of flowering plant

Geum rivale, the water avens, is a flowering plant in the genus Geum within the family Rosaceae. Other names of the plant are nodding avens, drooping avens, cure all, water flower and Indian chocolate. It is native to the temperate regions of Europe, Central Asia and parts of North America, where it is known as the purple avens. It grows in bogs and damp meadows, and produces nodding red flowers from May to September.

The plant is a native perennial of slow draining or wet soils and can tolerate mildly acidic to calcareous conditions in full sun or under partial shade. Habitats include stream sides, pond edges, damp deciduous woodland and hay meadows. It is a component of purple moor grass and rush pastures is a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acidic soils of the lowlands and upland fringe. It is found throughout the British Isles with the exception of south east England, the Western Isles of Scotland and parts of the midlands and the west country.

Geum rivale is pollinated primarily by bees, and less often by flies and beetles. As the flower matures, elongation of the stamens ensures it self fertilises if not already cross pollinated. The flowers' stigmas mature before the stamens. It begins flowering a little earlier than G. urbanum, so early pollinations are within the gene pool of the single species. The seeds of Water Avens are burr like, and are distributed after being caught in the coats of rabbits and other small mammals, and by rhizomal growth. Yellow spots on the living leaf may be caused by Peronospora gei – a downy mildew.

Geum urbanum hybridises fairly regularly with Geum rivale as they are closely related and occur together. In North America it is known to hybridise with Geum aleppicum (the hybrid being named Geum × aurantiacum ), with Geum macrophyllum var. perincisum (as Geum × pervale), and with Geum macrophyllum var. macrophyllum (as Geum × pulchrum).