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System of suffixes of Classical Arabic

(إِعْرَاب, ) is an Arabic term for the system of nominal, adjectival, or verbal suffixes of Classical Arabic to mark grammatical case. These suffixes are written in fully vocalized Arabic texts, notably the or texts written for children or Arabic learners, and they are articulated when a text is formally read aloud, but they do not survive in any spoken dialect of Arabic. Even in Literary Arabic, these suffixes are often not pronounced in pausa (ٱلْوَقْف ); i. e. when the word occurs at the end of the sentence, in accordance with certain rules of Arabic pronunciation. (That is, the nunation suffix n is generally dropped at the end of a sentence or line of poetry, with the notable exception of the nuniyya; the vowel suffix may or may not be, depending on the requirements of metre.) Depending on the knowledge of , some Arabic speakers may omit case endings when reading out in Modern Standard Arabic, thus making it similar to spoken dialects. Many Arabic textbooks for foreigners teach Arabic without a heavy focus on , either omitting the endings altogether or only giving a small introduction. Arabic without case endings may require a different and fixed word order, similar to spoken Arabic dialects.

The term literally means 'making [the word] Arabic'. It is the stem IV masdar of the root ‘ r b (ع ر ب), meaning "to be fluent", so means "making a thing expressed, disclosed or eloquent". The term is cognate to the word Arab itself.

Case is not shown in standard orthography, with the exception of indefinite accusative nouns ending in any letter but (ة) or followed by (ء), where the "sits" on the letter before an alif added at the end of the word (the alif shows up even in unvowelled texts). Cases, however, are marked in the Qur'an, children's books, and to remove ambiguous situations. If marked, it is shown at the end of the noun. Further information on the types of declensions is discussed in the following section, along with examples. Grammatical case endings are not pronounced in pausa and in less formal forms of Arabic. In vocalised Arabic (where vowel points are written), the case endings may be written even if they are not pronounced. Some Arabic textbooks or children's books skip case endings in vocalised Arabic, thus allowing both types of pronunciation.

A few singular nouns (including many proper names and names of places), and certain types of "broken plural", are known as diptote (ٱلْمَمْنُوعُ مِنْ ٱلصَّرْفِ , literally 'forbidden from inflecting') meaning that they only have two case endings. When the noun is indefinite, the endings are for the nominative and for the genitive and accusative with no nunation. The genitive reverts to the normal when the diptotic noun becomes definite (preceded by or is in the construct state)). Diptotes never take an alif in the accusative case in written Arabic.

The Dual These nouns denote two of something. They decline very similarly to the sound masculine plurals because they are not marked for definiteness and look the same in both the accusative and genitive cases. For the nominative, the marking is āni and for the accusative/genitive, ayni. An example is "parents," which is wālidāni and wālidayni respectively. ٱسْمُ ٱلْمَنْقُوصِ (deficient nouns ending with ) These nouns behave differently due to the instability of the final vowel. When indefinite, these nouns take a final in in the nominative/genitive, and iyan in the accusative. When definite, they take a long ī in the nominative/genitive, and iya in the accusative. These nouns were reckoned by the grammarians to have originally taken the triptotic endings, but through morpho phonotactic processes, the latter resulted. An example is "judge," which is qāḍin, qāḍiyan, versus , and al qāḍiya respectively. Also, a noun can be both and diptotal: for example, layālin 'nights', is a broken plural with a final unstable vowel. With case endings this noun becomes layālin, layāliya, and , al layāliya. ٱسْمُ ٱلْمَقْصُورِ (deficient nouns ending with or ) These nouns, like their close relative , also behave differently due to the instability of a final vowel. These nouns are marked only for definiteness, as morpho phonotactic processes have resulted in the complete loss of the case distinctions. When indefinite, they take an, which rests on an alif maqṣūrah or occasionally When definite, they are not marked, and they simply retain their long or An example is "hospital," which is mustashfan and respectively. If a noun is both and diptotic, then it is completely invariable for case. Invariable nouns Invariable nouns are usually those foreign names that end in alif or nouns that end in an additional or (when that or is not part of the root). Also, nouns that are both and diptotic fall into this category. Additionally, there are rare invariable nouns which have other endings, like any name ending with " ayhi," like Sībawayhi (colloquially pronounced, for example, in Egypt: An example of a common invariable noun is , meaning 'the most eloquent [Arabic]'. Another example is 'world'.

A noun's case depends on the role that the noun plays in the sentence. There are multiple sentence structures in Arabic, each of which demands different case endings for the roles in the sentence. "Subject" does not always correspond to "nominative", nor does "object" always correspond to "accusative". Sentences in Arabic are divided into two branches, of which are the incomplete phrases (jumla inshaiya) and the complete phrases (jumla khabariya). Jumla inshaiya is composed of the descriptive phrase and possessive phrase, while the jumla khabariya is made up of the verbal sentence (jumla fi'lya khabariya) and the nominal sentence (jumla ismiya khabariya). The incomplete phrase cannot be a sentence in itself, and is usually used in the complete phrases.

In a nominal sentence (ٱلْجُمْلَةُ ٱلْاِسْمِيَّةُ ), there is subject–verb–object word order.