Молдова және Валахия князі Александр Морузи

Prince of Moldavia and Wallachia

Alexander Mourouzis (Αλέξανδρος Μουρούζης; Romanian: Alexandru Moruzi (1750/1760 – 1816) was a Grand Dragoman of the Ottoman Empire who served as Prince of Moldavia and Prince of Wallachia. Open to Enlightenment ideas, and noted for his interest in hydrological engineering, Mourouzis was forced to deal with the intrusions of Osman Pazvantoğlu's rebellious troops. In a rare gesture for his period, he renounced the throne in Wallachia, and his second rule in Moldavia was cut short by the intrigues of French diplomat Horace Sébastiani.

A member of the Mourouzis family of Phanariotes and the son of Constantine Mourouzis (one of the few Ottoman appointed Princes to die in office), he was educated to speak six languages in addition to Greek. His mother was a member of the Ghica family. Alexander was Grand Dragoman of the Porte under Sultan Selim III, in which capacity he helped mediate the 1791 Treaty of Jassy, ending the Russo Turkish War of 1787–1792. Selim rewarded his service by appointing him to the throne in Iași (Moldavia) in January 1792, and transferred a year later to the throne of Bucharest (1793–1796), where his first year in office coincided with a bubonic plague outbreak (which he dealt with by quarantining and confining the ill to the village of Dudești). Dismissed owing to intrigues at the Ottoman court, he was reinstated in Bucharest (1798–1801). In 1799, he passed a resolution ending the labor conflict at the cloth factory in Pociovaliște (presently part of Bucharest). After reforming its system of worker employment and payment, as well as hiring Saxon experts from Transylvania to manage the industry, he denied the workers' request to institute two weeks off for each week of labor, and ordered activities to be resumed, while stressing that it was imperative to respect the Ottoman demand for textiles (see Labor movement in Romania). At the time, the employees did not receive payment, but worked in exchange for tax exemptions. News of the Craiova's destruction reached Bucharest and Mourouzis forbade fleeing the city; however, this did not prevent the boyars from sending their wealth into Habsburg lands for safekeeping. Mourouzis built fortifications on the road to Craiova and on the banks of Olt River; he attacked Pazvantoğlu's troops, who used the city's ruins as barricades — after several days of fighting, Pazvantoğlu and his troops fled Craiova and returned to Vidin. Powerless against the latter's destructive attacks, he asked to be relieved of his position, and, in a highly unusual gesture, paid off Ottoman authorities in exchange for his own replacement. At the insistence of the French Empire, he was again appointed Prince of Moldavia (1802–1806 and 1806–1807), but was ultimately dismissed through another French intervention at the Porte on August 12, 1806, Horace Sébastiani, the French Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, called on Selim III to punish Constantine Ypsilantis' pro Russian activities in Wallachia, and to prevent a Moldavian Wallachian Russian alliance. This last event constituted one of the causes for the Russo Turkish War of 1806–1812. Mustafa IV ordered Mourouzis to be sent to the galleys, but he was pardoned soon after. During his rules in Bucharest, Mourouzis notably rebuilt the princely residence of Curtea Nouă, instituted a boyar office as centralized tax collection in the capital city, and increased the water supply by tapping sources in the Cotroceni area. His interest in waterworks was also manifested during his stay in Moldavia, where he tapped water and built a reservoir for the capital Iași (through a system leading up to Golia Monastery) and provided Focșani with water from over the Milcov River (achieved following an understanding with Wallachia's Alexander Ypsilantis). Among the educational institutions he created was the Orthodox seminary in Iași's Socola Monastery. At the time, it was recorded that associations of fruntași could function as estate leaseholders in the service of boyars or Orthodox monasteries. This right was suppressed in 1815.

Mourouzis was the recipient of a panegyric authored by the Moldavian boyar poet Costache Conachi, who praised the prince's achievements in hydrotechnics. Comments made on the poem, published by the Romantic nationalist Gheorghe Sion, were the subject of an 1873 disagreement between him and literary critic Titu Maiorescu. The latter placed Sion's essay among his examples of "inebriation with words" (a term which he and the Junimea society had coined as a definition for incoherent and needlessly subjective criticism).