1898 жылғы Кариб теңізі дауілінің құрбандары мен зардаптары

Category 2 Atlantic hurricane in 1898

The Windward Islands Hurricane was a strong, destructive hurricane that raged through the eastern Caribbean islands in the early part of September during the 1898 Atlantic hurricane season. An estimated 392 people died as a result of the storm. Damage on Barbados and St. Vincent was catastrophic.

An article in the Monthly Weather Review published by the United States Weather Bureau described the Windward Islands hurricane as "the most important meteorological event of September, 1898". A compilation of historical tropical cyclone tracks published by the National Climatic Data Center in 1993 listed the storm as having begun south of Cabo Verde on September 5. An analysis of the 1898 Atlantic hurricane season by hurricane expert José Fernández Partagás in 1996 made no modifications to the 1993 track due to the lack of available observations, The storm is first listed in the National Hurricane Center's Atlantic hurricane database at on September 5, 1898, as a tropical storm with estimated maximum sustained winds of The database depicts the storm tracking west with its wind speeds increasing incrementally, reaching hurricane force over the central Atlantic on September 6. At around midday on September 9, the French barque Tourny encountered the storm near The ship registered a minimum barometric pressure of around 985 mbar (hPa; 29.1 inHg) during the encounter, though a later assessment of the ship's barometer found that the instrument underestimated pressures by about 8 mbar (hPa; 0.25 inHg). However, the RMS analysis disputed this description of the storm's path, instead depicting a track that took the storm northward between Puerto Rico and the Windward Islands. Despite the frequent rainfall, the air pressure held steady for several days. The existence of an approaching hurricane remained inconclusive until September 10, when observations suggested a tropical cyclone was present southeast of Barbados, and the air pressure began to fall rapidly. In response, the U. S. Weather Bureau communicated hurricane warnings to the bureau's stations in the Lesser Antilles, requesting the stations to disseminate warnings to those in their purview. Additional advisories were transmitted throughout the Caribbean Sea to support observation of the storm. Initial forecasts from the U. S. Weather Bureau projected that the hurricane would track slowly northwest with increasing strength. Impacts from the hurricane were experienced throughout Barbados, though the most severe effects occurred along the eastern and southern areas of the island. Despite being secured by additional anchors, several ships harboured at Carlisle Bay were severed from their anchorage and blown out to sea by the hurricane and marooned on reefs near Bridgeport and to the west along reefs near St. Vincent. Five ships were driven out to sea with their anchors dragged along the seafloor, losing all sail and drifting broadside for a distance of roughly over the course of 15 hours before beaching near Georgetown, St. Vincent. The crews of the vessels Grace Lynwood, Lapland, and Loando were rescued after being blown onto the St. Vincent reefs. The vessels Florence, Florence B. Parr, Kate Florence, and Lovdahl were all blown out to sea with no subsequent correspondence. The Campania, Elmo, Ocean Traveller, and many lighters were beached on reefs near Bridgeport and deemed total losses. Smaller ships were destroyed by the heavy surf. A section of the Bridgetown wharf was severed by the rough seas, and waves crashed over the wharf onto the city streets. The streets were rendered impassable by the storm, snarling vehicle traffic and streetcar service; the Bridgetown streetcar service was restored in limited capacity on September 12. The suburbs of Bridgetown sustained considerable damage, with trees snapped or uprooted and frame houses razed. Strong winds blew down thousands of telephone poles, incapacitating the island's entire telephone system. St. Michael and Belleville also suffered extensively, with The Times reporting them as "totally demolished". The sugar cane crop also experienced significant losses.

St. Vincent and St. Lucia sustained severe effects comparable to those experienced on Barbados. Rough seas began to encroach upon the St. Vincent coast 20 hours before the hurricane arrived. By 3 p. m. on September 10, falling air pressures on St. Vincent began to indicate that a hurricane was imminent, prompting warnings of the approaching storm. Strong winds battered St. Vincent on September 11, uprooting trees and disrupting telecommunications. The hurricane's winds were at their strongest between 1 and 2 p. m., and the storm's effects largely subsided by 3 p. m. H. Powell, the curator of the St. Vincent Botanic Gardens, estimated that wind speeds reached A minimum barometric pressure of 965.43 mbar (hPa; 28.509 inHg) was recorded during a period of calm on the island. Between 9 a. m. on September 11 and 9 a. m. on September 12, of rainfall was recorded at the Botanic Gardens; an estimated of rain fell at St. Vincent during the entirety of the storm. Powell described a previous hurricane in 1886 as being "mere 'child's play'" compared to the 1898 storm in St. Vincent, and reported that some residents described the hurricane as "in every way more destructive" than a significant hurricane in 1831. The death toll in St. Vincent tallied around in the hundreds; the RMS analysis reported roughly 200 fatalities while the New York Times reported around 300 fatalities. Around 6,000 homes were destroyed or irreparably damaged, displacing approximately 20,000 people. Strong winds destroyed almost every church and chapel on the island and uprooted numerous trees. Nearly all of the large trees at the Botanic Gardens were downed. Trees and homes that withstood the northerly winds accompanying the initial approach of the hurricane were destroyed by the opposing winds that followed. Heavy rain from the hurricane produced floods that cascaded down mountainsides, razing entire villages and estates. Shipping in Kingstown was wrecked by the rough seas. Much of the damage in St. Lucia was inflicted by a ten hours long rainfall that led to floods and landslides. Valleys in St. Lucia temporarily became lakes after accumulating floodwaters. A landslide triggered by heavy rain in St. Lucia engulfed homes within a stretch of a valley. Castries Harbour suffered heavy damage due to the heavy seas.

William B. Stockman, a U. S. Weather Bureau forecaster serving under the agency's West Indian Weather Service at Kingston, Jamaica, directed the raising of hurricane signals at Saint Pierre, Martinique, St. Kitts, and St. Thomas after receiving weather observations on September 10 indicative of a hurricane. Spanish ships delayed their departures from San Juan, Puerto Rico, upon receiving notice of the storm. Within the Lesser Antilles outside of Barbados, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent, impacts were comparatively minor and limited to roiled seas and heavy rain. Impacts in the Grenadines were minor outside of Bequia, located just south of St. Vincent. Thunderstorms and rainfall spread to other parts of the Windward Islands, with rainfall totals reaching at Grenada and at Dominica. A landslide in Trois Rivières, Guadeloupe, engulfed two homes, causing nine deaths. The sloop Marie Stella capsized off Goyave, resulting in another nine deaths near Guadeloupe. The storm passed near St. Kitts without causing much damage. Winds at Basseterre peaked at on September 12. Rainfall accumulations between the morning of September 12 and the morning of September 13 reached on St. Kitts; roughly the same amount was recorded in Antigua. Around of rain was recorded at Nevis throughout the storm and of rain was recorded in Montserrat over a 48 hour period. The ship Fluminense arrived in Barbados with damage from a storm encounter on September 18 after departing from New York. Partagás surmised that the vessel likely encountered the hurricane somewhere between Cape Hatteras and Bermuda. On September 19, the ship Osorno possibly encountered the storm en route from Bordeaux to New York, experiencing 24 hours of gale force winds. One crewmember was washed overboard and drowned.