Кіріспе
Неміс оптик және өнертапқышы (1884–1923)
German optician and inventor (1884–1923)
Генрих Эрфле (1 сәуір 1884, Дюркгейм – 8 сәуір 1923, Йена) – өзінің мансабының көп бөлігін «Карл Цайсс» компаниясында өткізген неміс оптик. 1917 жылы ол телескоптар мен бинокльдерге арналған алғашқы кең көрісті окулярларды ойлап тапты. Өмірінің қысқа мерзімінде телескоптар мен окулярлардың бірнеше жаңа үлгілерін жасады. Эрфле 39 жасында инфекциядан қайтыс болды, себебі ол "бір қаламмен аяғына жарақат алғаннан кейін жарақатына мән бермеген". Эрфле қайтыс болғаннан кейін оның патенттік өтінімдерін Рудольф Штраубель Эрфле отбасының мүддесі үшін жүзеге асырды. Оның диссертациялық жетекшілері Вильгельм Эберт және Себастьян Финстервальдер болды.
Heinrich Erfle (April 1, 1884, Dürkheim – April 8, 1923, Jena) was a German optician who spent most of his career at Carl Zeiss. In 1917 he invented the first wide field eyepieces for telescopes and binoculars. During his short life he developed a number of new designs for telescopes and eyepieces. Erfle died at the age of 39 from an infection after he "accidentally stabbed himself in the leg with a fountain pen and did not pay attention to the wound." After Erfle's death, his patent applications were filed by Rudolph Straubel for the benefit of Erfle's family. His dissertation advisers were Wilhelm Ebert and Sebastian Finsterwalder.
Мансап
Екі жылдық резидентурадан кейін ол ТМУ-да C. A. Steinheil & Sons компаниясында жұмыс істей бастады. 1909 жылы ол Германияның Йена қаласындағы Карл Цейсс телескоп бөліміне қосылды. 1918 жылы ол бөлімді басқаруды бастады. Сол жылдары ол негізінен су асты кемелерінің перископтарын, сондай-ақ мылтықтардағы оптикалық прицельдерді, призмалық бинокльдерді және әскери кемелердегі қаруларды жақсартуға баса назар аударды. Эрфле әсіресе Бірінші дүниежүзілік соғыс кезінде әскери мақсаттар үшін өндіріле бастаған кең бұрышты окулярларын енгізгенімен әйгілі. Эрфле окуляры салыстырмалы түрде арзан өндіріледі және бүгінгі күнге дейін көптеген бинокльдерде, сондай-ақ әуесқой астрономдар қолданатын телескоптарда қолданылады. “Common Telescope Eyepiece Designs” шолуына сәйкес, “негізгі Эрфле” үш топқа бөлінген бес элементтен тұрады және шамамен 60 градусқа жететін кең көру бұрышын қамтамасыз етеді. Эрфле конструкцияларының үш топқа бөлінген алты элементтен тұратын түрлері де жасалады. Эрфлелер шеттерінен шетке дейін жақсы, тегіс бейне береді, бірақ өткірлік және контраст Эрнст Аббе мен Георг Симон Плосслиң Ортоскопиялық және Плоссли конструкцияларына қарағанда сәл төмен. Оларда көзге арналған ұзын рельеф бар, бұл көзілдірік киетін адамдар үшін өте маңызды. Бұл мүмкіндіктердің үйлесімі осы окулярларды ашық шоғырларды, жұлдыздық кеңістіктерді және т.б. кең аспанды қарау үшін өте қолайлы етеді. Карл Цейсс үшін Эрфленің кең бұрышты окулярының дизайны 1923 жылдың 25 желтоқсанында АҚШ-та патенттелді (патент нөмірі 1,478,704). Патент өтінімінде “жаңа және пайдалы окуляр” деп сипатталған “окулярлар” екі линзадан тұрады, олардың әрқайсысы жинақтаушы және шашыратушы элементтерден құралған, және екі шашыратушы элемент тегіс жағымен сыртқа қаратылған, сондықтан қос линзаның жарыққа қаратылған жағы шашыратушы элементтен, ал көзге қаратылған жағы жинақтаушы элементтен тұрады. Бұл линзалардың арасында “бір жинақтаушы линза” орналасқан. Линзалардың осы комбинациясы бейнедегі кемшіліктерді, әсіресе астигматизм мен бұрмалануды азайтады, көру бұрышы шамамен 70 градусқа дейін ұлғаяды. Бұл бұрынғы окулярларда бірдей сапада бейнеге қол жеткізе алмайтын еді.
After a two year residency at the TUM he began to work at C. A. Steinheil & Sons. In 1909 he joined the telescope division of Carl Zeiss, in Jena, Germany. He began to run the division in 1918. During his years there, he focused mainly on improving submarine periscopes as well as the scopes on shotguns, prism binoculars, and guns on naval vessels. Erfle is particularly well known for his introduction of wide angle eyepieces, which he began to produce during the First World War for military use. Erfle eyepieces are relatively cheap to produce, and are still produced for many binoculars as well as for telescopes used by amateur astronomers. “The basic Erfle,” according to an overview of “Common Telescope Eyepiece Designs,” “uses five elements in three groups and delivers a wide apparent field of view of about 60 degrees. Erfle variations are also made with six elements in three groups Erfles have a nice, flat field from edge to edge, although sharpness and contrast is slightly inferior to the Orthoscopic and Plossl designs” by Ernst Abbe and Georg Simon Plossl respectively. “They also feature long eye relief, especially important for eyeglass wearers. This combination of features makes these oculars excellent for wide sky viewing of open clusters, star fields, etc.”
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
Эрфле сонымен қатар “жаңа және пайдалы көзге арналған линзалық жүйе” үшін 1924 жылдың 1 қаңтарында (патент нөмірі 1,479,229) АҚШ-та патент алды, ол “әр екі мүшесі, біреуі аз, ал екі еуі жоғары сындыру көрсеткішіне ие шыныдан жасалған төрт мүшелі көзге арналған линзалық жүйелерді” қамтиды, және олар “бірге цементтелген беттері әрқашан жарыққа қарай қисық жағымен қаратылған және әрбір жұп линзадағы аз сындыру көрсеткішіне ие линза жарыққа қарай беткейімен қаратылған” етіп орналастырылған. Нәтижесінде, “жарық сәулелерінің түсу бұрыштары ешбір жерде тым үлкен болмайды, сондықтан өнертабысқа сәйкес жүйелерде астигматизм мен бұрмалануды, сондай-ақ сфералық аберрацияны жеткілікті деңгейде түзетуге қол жеткізіледі”.
After a two year residency at the TUM he began to work at C. A. Steinheil & Sons. In 1909 he joined the telescope division of Carl Zeiss, in Jena, Germany. He began to run the division in 1918. During his years there, he focused mainly on improving submarine periscopes as well as the scopes on shotguns, prism binoculars, and guns on naval vessels. Erfle is particularly well known for his introduction of wide angle eyepieces, which he began to produce during the First World War for military use. Erfle eyepieces are relatively cheap to produce, and are still produced for many binoculars as well as for telescopes used by amateur astronomers. “The basic Erfle,” according to an overview of “Common Telescope Eyepiece Designs,” “uses five elements in three groups and delivers a wide apparent field of view of about 60 degrees. Erfle variations are also made with six elements in three groups Erfles have a nice, flat field from edge to edge, although sharpness and contrast is slightly inferior to the Orthoscopic and Plossl designs” by Ernst Abbe and Georg Simon Plossl respectively. “They also feature long eye relief, especially important for eyeglass wearers. This combination of features makes these oculars excellent for wide sky viewing of open clusters, star fields, etc.”
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
Ол “призмалық жүйесінде бір-біріне параллель екі жаққы шекаралық беттері және осы шекаралық беттерге бұрышпен орналасқан белгілі бір көлемдегі шағылыстыратын беттерді” қамтитын “жаңа және пайдалы телескоп” үшін 1924 жылдың 25 желтоқсанында (патент нөмірі 1,505,878) АҚШ-та патент алды. Бұл “бірден-бір екі бағытта қарауға” мүмкіндік береді.
After a two year residency at the TUM he began to work at C. A. Steinheil & Sons. In 1909 he joined the telescope division of Carl Zeiss, in Jena, Germany. He began to run the division in 1918. During his years there, he focused mainly on improving submarine periscopes as well as the scopes on shotguns, prism binoculars, and guns on naval vessels. Erfle is particularly well known for his introduction of wide angle eyepieces, which he began to produce during the First World War for military use. Erfle eyepieces are relatively cheap to produce, and are still produced for many binoculars as well as for telescopes used by amateur astronomers. “The basic Erfle,” according to an overview of “Common Telescope Eyepiece Designs,” “uses five elements in three groups and delivers a wide apparent field of view of about 60 degrees. Erfle variations are also made with six elements in three groups Erfles have a nice, flat field from edge to edge, although sharpness and contrast is slightly inferior to the Orthoscopic and Plossl designs” by Ernst Abbe and Georg Simon Plossl respectively. “They also feature long eye relief, especially important for eyeglass wearers. This combination of features makes these oculars excellent for wide sky viewing of open clusters, star fields, etc.”
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
Ол сонымен қатар 1924 жылдың 2 қыркүйегінде (патент нөмірі 1,507,111) “Галилей телескоптары үшін жаңа және пайдалы линзалық жүйе” үшін АҚШ-та патент алды. Галилей телескоптары үшін бұрынғы линзалық жүйелерде “бейнедегі кемшіліктерді жою көбінесе хроматикалық бойлық аберрацияны және хроматикалық ұлғайту айырмасын, сондай-ақ көзге белгілі бір орналасқан жер үшін астигматизмді жоюмен шектелді”. Бірақ “осьтан тыс қатесіз бейнеге қол жеткізу үшін телескоптың барлығы үшін бірдей сфералық бойлық аберрацияны және синус шартын бірдей жою қажет”. Осы талаптар өнертабыс арқылы орындалды, онда астигматикалық айырма бұрынғы Галилей телескоптарында болғандай, “көздің орналасқан жеріне осылайша үлкен тәуелділік болмайды”. Бұл “объективті екі жинақтаушы мүшеден тұратын ету арқылы жүзеге асырылды, олардың әрқайсысы екі цементтелген линзадан тұрады, олардың төменгі сындыру көрсеткішіне иесі жарыққа қарай беткейімен қаратылған, ал окуляр үш цементтелген линзадан тұрады, олардың ішкісі флинт линзасы болып табылады”.
After a two year residency at the TUM he began to work at C. A. Steinheil & Sons. In 1909 he joined the telescope division of Carl Zeiss, in Jena, Germany. He began to run the division in 1918. During his years there, he focused mainly on improving submarine periscopes as well as the scopes on shotguns, prism binoculars, and guns on naval vessels. Erfle is particularly well known for his introduction of wide angle eyepieces, which he began to produce during the First World War for military use. Erfle eyepieces are relatively cheap to produce, and are still produced for many binoculars as well as for telescopes used by amateur astronomers. “The basic Erfle,” according to an overview of “Common Telescope Eyepiece Designs,” “uses five elements in three groups and delivers a wide apparent field of view of about 60 degrees. Erfle variations are also made with six elements in three groups Erfles have a nice, flat field from edge to edge, although sharpness and contrast is slightly inferior to the Orthoscopic and Plossl designs” by Ernst Abbe and Georg Simon Plossl respectively. “They also feature long eye relief, especially important for eyeglass wearers. This combination of features makes these oculars excellent for wide sky viewing of open clusters, star fields, etc.”
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
Бүгінгі күнге дейін Эрфленің патенттері басқа ғалымдардың кейінгі патенттік өтінімдерінде жиі сілтеме ретінде келтіріледі.
After a two year residency at the TUM he began to work at C. A. Steinheil & Sons. In 1909 he joined the telescope division of Carl Zeiss, in Jena, Germany. He began to run the division in 1918. During his years there, he focused mainly on improving submarine periscopes as well as the scopes on shotguns, prism binoculars, and guns on naval vessels. Erfle is particularly well known for his introduction of wide angle eyepieces, which he began to produce during the First World War for military use. Erfle eyepieces are relatively cheap to produce, and are still produced for many binoculars as well as for telescopes used by amateur astronomers. “The basic Erfle,” according to an overview of “Common Telescope Eyepiece Designs,” “uses five elements in three groups and delivers a wide apparent field of view of about 60 degrees. Erfle variations are also made with six elements in three groups Erfles have a nice, flat field from edge to edge, although sharpness and contrast is slightly inferior to the Orthoscopic and Plossl designs” by Ernst Abbe and Georg Simon Plossl respectively. “They also feature long eye relief, especially important for eyeglass wearers. This combination of features makes these oculars excellent for wide sky viewing of open clusters, star fields, etc.”
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
The design for Erfle's wide angle eyepiece for Carl Zeiss was patented in the U. S. (patent number 1,478,704) on December 25, 1923. The patent application, for “a new and useful Ocular,” describes “oculars comprising two lenses, each of which consists of a collective and of a dispersive member, and which are so disposed that the two dispersive members lie outermost, hence, that of the double lens to be turned towards the incident light the dispersive member, and of the double lens to be turned towards the eye the collective member lies foremost.” Between these lenses lies “a single collective lens.” This combination of lenses attains “a diminution of the defects in the images, especially of the astigmatism and of the distortion, to the extent that the field of view may be raised to comparatively large angles, amounting to about 70 degrees. This was not feasible in oculars hitherto in use, if the image was to be of the same quality.”
Erfle also held U. S. patent number 1,479,229 (patent date January 1, 1924) for “a new and useful Eyelens System” which includes “four member eye lens systems in which every two members, one made of glass of smaller and one of glass of greater refractive index, are cemented together,” and are “so arranged that the cemented surfaces always turn their respective concave side towards the incident light, and that of each pair lenses that lens which consists of glass of smaller refractive index faces the incident light.” The result is a system “in which the angles of incidence of the rays of light become in no place excessively large, so that with systems corresponding to the invention a correction of the astigmatism and of the distortion as well as of the spherical aberrations may in a sufficient measure be attained.”
He held U. S. patent number 1,505,878 for “a new and useful Telescope” with a prism system containing “two lateral boundary surfaces, parallel to each other and an optional number of reflecting surfaces, inclined to these boundary surfaces.” This makes it possible to look “in two different directions in succession.”
He also held U. S. patent number 1,507,111 (September 2, 1924) for “a new and useful Lens System for Galilean Telescopes.” In previous lens systems for Galilean telescopes, “the elimination of the image defects was generally confined to the removal of the chromatic longitudinal aberration and the chromatic difference in magnification as well as to the elimination of the astigmatism for a certain definite locus of the eye.” But “a faultless image outside the axis can only be attained by simultaneously eliminating for the whole telescope the spherical longitudinal aberration and the condition of sine.” These requirements were fulfilled by the invention in question, in which the astigmatic difference no longer depended “so largely from the locus of the eye, as such has been the case in the Galilean telescopes hitherto known.” This was achieved by “making the objective consist of two collective members, each of which is composed of two cemented lenses, of which the one having the lower refractive index is facing the incident light, and by composing the ocular of three cemented lenses, the inner one being a flint lens.”
Up to the present day, Erfle's patents have continued to be cited in later patent applications by other scientists.
Ғылыми мақалалар
Ерфле, Генрих (1920) Айналмалы бұрыштар жұбының тудырған бұрылысы және "басты қию" сақталуының белгісі ретінде қызмет ететін синустық шарт. Карл Зейс оптикалық шеберханасының хабарламасы. "Физика журналы". А. Хадрондар және ядролар томы. 1, № 1, 57–81 бб. DOI: 10.1007/BF01881027
Erfle, Heinrich (1920) Über die durch ein Drehkeilpaar erzeugte Ablenkung und über eine als Kennzeichen für die Beibehaltung des "Hauptschnittes“ dienende Sinusbedingung. Mitteilung aus der optischen Werkstätte von Carl Zeiß in Jena. Zeitschrift für Physik. A Hadrons and Nuclei Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 57–81. DOI: 10.1007/BF01881027