Кіріспе
Силла патшалығының тәждері шамамен V-VII ғасырларда Кореяның Силла мемлекетінде жасалған. Бұл тәждер Силланың бұрынғы астанасы – Гёнджу қаласынан табылды және Оңтүстік Кореяның ұлттық қазыналары деп белгіленген.
The crowns of Silla were made in the Korean kingdom of Silla approximately in the 5th–7th centuries. These crowns were excavated in Gyeongju, the former capital of Silla, and are designated National treasures of South Korea.
Кіріспе
Силла тәждері Силланың және Біріккен Силланың астанасы Оңтүстік Кореядағы Гёнджудың үйінділерінде табылды. Силла үйінділері, Бэкже мен Когурё үйінділерінен айырмашылығы, қабірлерде өткелдер мен дәліздер болмағандықтан қолжетімсіз етілді. Оның орнына терең шұңқырлар қазылып, ағашпен қапталды, сонда қазыналар мен сандықтар орналастырылды. Бұл қабірлер топырақпен жабылып, балшықпен тығыздалды, ал беті үлкен тастармен қапталды, сосын үлкен топырақ қабаттарымен жабылды. Ауыр тастар қабірлерді жерге тереңірек енгізіп, оларға кіруді одан да қиындатты. Силланың қабір жасау механизмі қабір ұрылары мен шетелдік басқыншылардың құнды мазмұнын ұрлай алмауына мүмкіндік берді. Кейбір тәждер таза алтыннан жасалған және, әдетте, патшаларға арналған. Басқа тәждер алтынмен қапталған қоладан жасалған, бәлкім, ханзадаларға немесе кіші патшаларға арналған. Силла тәждері 5 ғасырға жататын Алтын тәж қабірінен, 6 ғасырға жататын Алтын қоңырау қабірінен және Көктегі жылқы қабірінен табылды. 528 жылы Силла патшаларының буддизмді қабылдауы қабірлерге алтын бұйымдарды жерлеу дәстүрінің тоқырауына әкелді, ал 6 ғасырдың соңында бұл дәстүр тоқтатылды. Дегенмен, кейбіреулер үш тісті шығыңқылар тауларды немесе тіпті құстарды бейнелейді деп санайды. Сонымен қатар, мүйіз тәрізді бұтақтар корей шаманизмімен немесе бұғының маңыздылығымен байланысты. Ауғанстандағы тәж (суретті қараңыз) басқа корей тәждерімен үлкен ұқсастықтарды көрсетеді, бұл скиф-ирандық байланыстың дәлелі болып табылады. Сонымен қатар, Силла тәждерінің күрделі металл өңдеуі Силла алтын шеберлерінің алтынмен жұмыс істеуде жоғары білімді болғанын көрсетеді. Кейбіреулер осы алтын өңдеудің грануляция және филигрань сияқты озық әдістері гректерден немесе этрусктіктерден келгенін болжайды, әсіресе Силла үйінділерінде Жерорта теңізінен келген буындар мен шыны бұйымдар табылған. Бірақ зерттеулер мен тарихи құжаттар парсылық байланыс немесе тіпті шығу тегін көрсетеді. Темір бұйымдары 4 ғасырда, Соғысқан мемлекеттер кезеңінің соңында, бірақ Батыс Хан әулеті басталғанға дейін, Сары теңіз аймағындағы басшылықтар мен мемлекеттік деңгейдегі қоғамдармен сауда арқылы Корея түбегіне енгізілді. Алтын тәждердің нәзік табиғаты олардың жұқа алтын табақтардан жасалғанынан туындайды. Тәжді киюге ыңғайсыз, сондықтан оның арнайы жерлеу бұйымы ретінде жасалғаны мүмкін деп санайды. Бұл тәж екі бөліктен тұрады: сыртқы белдік қабірдің ішінде, ал ішкі қақпақ қабірдің сыртында табылды. Сыртқы белдік әрқайсысы үш бұтақты үш ағаш тәрізді бұтақтан тұрады. Бас белбеуінде үш рет жазылған қытай таңбасы бар. Сонымен қатар, сыртқы бас белбеуінің сол және оң жағында екі мүйіз тәрізді шығыңқылары бар. Барлық шығыңқыларда жаде мен шыны бұрандалар, бұтақтардан ілінетін кішкентай алтын айналар бар. Басына тағы екі алтын тізбек тағылып, екі жағында да жапырақ тәрізді, бірінен соң бірі нефрит әшекейлер тағылған. Бұл екі тізбек бас белбеуінен төмен созылады. Ішкі тәж - үшбұрышты шапка, жіңішке алтын табақтан жасалған, оның үстінде екі қанат бар. Қанат корей шамандық нанымдарымен байланысты деп есептеледі. Қазір ол Кёнджу ұлттық мұражайында орналасқан және корей өнерінің шедеврі болып табылады.
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
Ұлттық қазына № 188 Cheonmachong алтын тәжі қазіргі уақытта Gyeongju ұлттық мұражайында сақталады. Тәж 1978 жылдың 7 желтоқсанында Кореяның 188-ші ұлттық қазынасы болып бекітілді. Тәж 1973 жылы Чонмачонгта (№ 155, сондай-ақ Көктегі жылқы қабірі) табылды және Сожи патшасының немесе Джиджэунг патшасының тәжі деп есептеледі. Оның биіктігі 32,5 сантиметр. Тәждің алдыңғы жағында қытайлық "тау" таңбасын құрайтын үш бұрыш бар. Сондай-ақ, артқы жағында бұғы мүйізінің пішіндес екі ұшы бар. Бұл тәждің екі алтын тізбегі желбезектің ұшына ілінген жапырақ тәрізді. Айта кетерлігі, осы тәждің ағаш тәрізді бұтақтарында жиі қолданылатын үш бұтақ мотиві орнына төрт бұтақ бар. Тәжді қалай киюге болатыны туралы әлі де дау бар, себебі оның қабірде табылу орны сандыққа қатысты. Согдийлермен жібек жолы арқылы қарым-қатынаста болған нео-линиялықтар көшпелілер мәдениетін қабылдады. Көшпелілер табиғатты үш өлшеммен бағалады: төмен, орта және жоғары. Бұл ойлау тәсілі бұғылардың әшекейі ретінде көрінеді, яғни жер, жерді аспанмен байланыстыратын ағаштар және аспанда ұшып бара жатқан құстар. Силла геумгван Силла халқының белсенді қарым-қатынаста болғанын және басқа мәдениеттерді икемді түрде қабылдағанын көрсетеді.
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
Ұлттық қазына № 191 Хваннамдаэчон алтын тәжі қазіргі уақытта Корея ұлттық мұражайында сақталады және ең танымал экспонаттардың бірі болып табылады, Bangasayusang екі тәжімен бірге. Бұл Кореяның ұлттық қазынасы және 1978 жылдың 12 желтоқсанында осы мәртебе берілді. Тәждің биіктігі 27,5 сантиметр, ал тәжден ілінген алтын тізбектер мен әшекейлер (Suhasik деп аталады) 13-тен 30,3 сантиметрге дейін жетеді. Тәж жаде тастарын көп пайдаланғанымен танымал. Suhasik екі топқа бөлінген, әр тобы үштен тұрады, ең ұзын тізбектер тәждің алдыңғы жағына ең жақын тізбектерге дейін сыртқы жиекті бойлай орналасқан. Suhasik тізбектерінің ұштарында көк жаде және алтын жапырақтар бар. Suhasik тәждің бір бөлігі мекенжайында дау бар, себебі олар қазба жұмыстары кезінде тәжден бөлек табылды. Тәждің үш ағаш тәрізді бұтақтары бар, әрқайсысы үш бұтақтан тұрады, сонымен қатар негізгі белдіктің сол және оң жағында екі мүйіз тәрізді бұтақтары бар. Тәждің ағаш тәрізді бұтақтары кейбір ғалымдар тарапынан "тау" қытай таңбасын білдіреді деп түсіндірілді. Бұғы мүйізінің әшекейлері тәждің ұштарына бекітілген. 77 жаде тасы тәжге әшекейленген. Қытай таңбаларына 16 қисайған көк жаде тасы, бұғы мүйізіне 9 жаде тасы және бас белдігіне 11 жаде тасы бекітілген. Бұл тәж жаде тастарын көп пайдаланғанымен ерекшеленеді. Бұл тәж патшайымға арналған болуы мүмкін және қабірде кім жерленгені туралы маңызды дау бар.
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
|
| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
|
| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
Қазына № 338
Бұл тәж, Geumnyeongchong үйіндісінен табылған алтын тәж, қазіргі уақытта Корея ұлттық мұражайында сақталады. Биіктігі 27 сантиметр, диаметрі 15 сантиметр, бұл Силла тәждерінің ең кішкентайы және ең қарапайымы. Типтік Силла тәжі сияқты, оның бес негізгі бұтағы бар. "Шығу" деген мағынаны білдіретін қытай таңбасы "chul" пішіндес ағаш тәрізді бұтақтар бас белдігінің алдыңғы және жақтарында орналасқан. Ағаш тәрізді бұтақтардың әрқайсысы төрт бұтақтан тұрады. Екі мүйіз тәрізді бұтақ екі жақтан орналасқан ағаш тәрізді бұтақтардың арасында орналасқан. Сонымен қатар, әр бұтақтың үстінде құстар бар. Бетінің жоғарғы және төменгі бөлігінде қалыптау техникасымен жасалған екі қатарлы нүктелі суреттер бар. Тәждің оң және сол жағындағы жақтаулардан әшекейлер ілінген. Бұл тәж жаде әшекейлері жоқ, тек алтыннан жасалған жалғыз алтын тәж болып ерекшеленеді.
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
|
| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
|
| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
|
| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
|
| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
|
| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
|
| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
|
| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
Қазына № 339
Seobongchong үйіндісінен табылған алтын тәж Силланың алтын тәжі болып табылады және қазіргі уақытта Кёнджу ұлттық мұражайында сақталады. Тәждің биіктігі 30,7 сантиметр, диаметрі 18,4 сантиметр, ал бас белдігінен ілінген әшекейлердің биіктігі 24,7 сантиметр. Тәждің кең жақтауында толқынды суретпен және нүктелі сызықтармен қалыптау жасалған, бес бұтақ тұр. Бас белдігі жапырақ пішіндес және иілген жаде тастармен әшекейленген. Бес бұтақтың оң және сол жақ бұтақтары, сондай-ақ орта бұтағы қытай таңбасынан...
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
|
| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
|
| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
|
| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
|
| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
|
| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
|
| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}