Введение
Короны Силла изготавливались в корейском королевстве Силла примерно в V–VII веках. Эти короны были обнаружены при раскопках в Кёнджу, бывшей столице Силла, и признаны национальными сокровищами Южной Кореи.
The crowns of Silla were made in the Korean kingdom of Silla approximately in the 5th–7th centuries. These crowns were excavated in Gyeongju, the former capital of Silla, and are designated National treasures of South Korea.
Введение
Коронки Силла были обнаружены в курганах Кёнджу, Южная Корея, столицы Силла и Объединённого Силла. В отличие от курганов Пэкче и Когурё, гробницы Силла были недоступны, поскольку не имели проходов и коридоров. Вместо этого выкапывались глубокие ямы, укреплённые деревом, куда помещались сокровища и саркофаг. Эти погребальные ямы засыпались землёй, запечатывались глиной, а затем покрывались массивными речными валунами, которые, в свою очередь, засыпались большими насыпями земли. Тяжёлые валуны также углубляли гробницы в землю, делая их ещё более неприступными. Такая конструкция не позволяла грабителям и захватчикам похитить ценные предметы. Некоторые коронки изготовлены из чистого золота и, вероятно, предназначались для королей. Другие сделаны из позолоченной или покрытой золотом бронзы, предположительно для принцев или менее значимых правителей. Коронки Силла были найдены в гробнице Золотой Короны V века, гробнице Золотого Колокола и гробнице Небесного Коня VI века. Принятие буддизма королями Силла в 528 году н.э. привело к постепенному прекращению практики захоронения золотых артефактов в гробницах, и к концу VI века эта практика прекратилась. Однако некоторые считают, что трезубец, напоминающий выступающие элементы, символизирует горы или даже птиц. Кроме того, рога, похожие на ветви оленя, указывают на тесную связь с корейским шаманизмом или важность оленей. Корона, найденная в Афганистане (см. изображение), имеет большое сходство с другими корейскими коронками, что свидетельствует о связях со скифо-иранскими культурами. Кроме того, сложное мастерство изготовления корон Силла показывает, что силлаские ювелиры обладали передовыми знаниями в обработке золота. Некоторые предполагают, что передовые техники обработки золота, такие как зернь и филигрань, пришли от греков или этрусков, особенно учитывая, что в курганах Силла также находят бусы и стеклянные изделия из Средиземноморья. Однако исследования и исторические документы указывают на персидское влияние или даже происхождение. Железные предметы были завезены на Корейский полуостров через торговлю с вождествами и государствами в районе Жёлтого моря в IV веке до н.э., незадолго до начала династии Западных Хань, после периода Сражающихся царств. Изящество золотых корон обусловлено использованием тонких листов золота. Коронки не предназначены для ношения, и некоторые считают, что они были изготовлены специально как погребальный инвентарь. Эта корона состоит из двух частей: внешней полосы, найденной в гробнице, и внутренней шапки, обнаруженной снаружи. Внешняя полоса состоит из трёх ветвей, похожих на деревья, каждая из которых имеет по три ветви. Китайский иероглиф “chul” написан трижды на головной полосе. Кроме того, на внешней полосе есть два рога, похожих на ветви, по обеим сторонам. На всех выступах висят нефритовые и стеклянные бусины, а также крошечные золотые зеркальца. По бокам повязки расположены две золотые цепи с листовидными украшениями, заканчивающиеся нефритовыми подвесками. Эти цепи свисают под головной повязкой. Внутренняя корона представляет собой треугольную шляпу из тонкого золота с двумя крыльями. Считается, что крылья связаны с корейскими шаманскими верованиями. Корона находится в Национальном музее Кёнчжу и является шедевром корейского искусства.
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
|
| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
|
| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
Национальное сокровище № 188. Золотая корона из Чхонмачхона в настоящее время хранится в Национальном музее Кёнчжу. Корона была признана 188-м национальным сокровищем Кореи 7 декабря 1978 года. Она была найдена в Чхонмачхоне (гробница № 155, также известная как Гробница Небесного коня) в 1973 году и считается короной короля Соджи или короля Чичжуна. Высота короны составляет 32,5 см. На передней части короны расположены три выступа, образующие китайский иероглиф 山 (гора). На задней части также есть два выступа в форме оленьих рогов. На этой короне также есть две свисающие золотые цепи в форме листьев, свисающие с конца повязки. Примечательно, что ветви этой короны имеют четыре ветви вместо более распространённого мотива трёх ветвей. До сих пор ведутся споры о том, как эта корона должна была носиться, учитывая её расположение в гробнице относительно саркофага. Народности, взаимодействовавшие с согдийцами на Шелковом пути, переняли культуру кочевников. Кочевники воспринимали природу в трёх измерениях: низком, среднем и высоком. Это мировоззрение отражается в орнаменте в виде оленя (земля), деревьев (соединяющих землю и небо) и птиц (летающих в небе). Коронка Силла показывает, что народ Силла активно взаимодействовал и гибко перенимал другие культуры.
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
Национальное сокровище № 191. Золотая корона из Хваннамдэчхона в настоящее время хранится в Национальном музее Кореи и является одним из самых популярных экспонатов, наряду с двумя бангсаюсангами. Она является национальным сокровищем Кореи и была признана таковой 12 декабря 1978 года. Высота короны составляет 27,5 см, а длина золотых цепей и подвесок (сухасик), свисающих с короны, варьируется от 13 до 30,3 см. Корона известна обильным использованием нефрита. Сухасики сгруппированы в две группы по три и расположены так, что самые длинные цепи находятся по внешнему краю, а самые короткие – ближе к передней части короны. На концах цепей сухасиков закреплены синие нефритовые листья и золотые листья. До сих пор ведутся споры о том, являются ли сухасики частью короны, поскольку они были найдены отдельно от короны во время раскопок. Корона имеет три ветви, похожие на деревья, каждая из которых имеет по три ветви, а также два выступа, похожих на рога, по обеим сторонам основной полосы. Ветви, похожие на деревья, были интерпретированы некоторыми учёными как китайский иероглиф 山 (гора). На концах короны прикреплены украшения в виде оленьих рогов. На короне украшено 77 нефритовых камней: шестнадцать нефритовых камней в форме запятой прикреплены к иероглифам, девять нефритовых камней – к оленьим рогам и одиннадцать – к головному обручу. Эта корона особенно примечательна своим обильным использованием нефрита. Предполагается, что корона могла быть изготовлена для королевы, и существует значительный спор о том, кто был похоронен в гробнице.
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
Сокровище № 338. Эта корона, известная как золотая корона из кургана Кымнёнджон, в настоящее время хранится в Национальном музее Кореи. Высота 27 см и диаметр 15 см делают её самой маленькой и простой из обнаруженных корон Силла. Как и типичная коронка Силла, она имеет пять основных выступов. Ветви, похожие на деревья, в форме китайского иероглифа “chul” (выход), расположены на передней и боковых сторонах повязки. На каждой ветви по четыре ветви. Два выступа, похожих на рога, обрамляют два боковых выступа, похожих на деревья. Кроме того, на каждой ветви расположены птицы. На верхней и нижней части поверхности расположены два ряда точечных узоров, выполненных техникой штамповки. Справа и слева от короны свисают подвески. Эта корона отличается тем, что она изготовлена исключительно из золота, без использования нефритовых украшений.
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
Сокровище № 339. Золотая корона из кургана Собончхон – золотая корона Силла, которая в настоящее время хранится в Национальном музее Кёнчжу. Высота короны составляет 30,7 см, диаметр – 18,4 см, а высота с подвесками – 24,7 см. На широкой основе короны расположены пять ветвей, украшенных волнистым узором и точечной линией. Повязка украшена листьями и изогнутым нефритом. Самая правая, самая левая и средняя ветви из пяти состоят из китайского иероглифа…
The Silla crowns were uncovered in the tumuli of Gyeongju, South Korea, the capital of Silla and Unified Silla. Silla tumuli, unlike their Baekje and Goguryeo counterparts were made inaccessible because the tombs did not include passageways and corridors. Instead, deep pits were dug and lined with wood and this is where the treasures and coffin were placed. These burial pits were covered in dirt and sealed with clay and then the surface was covered with massive river boulders which were then covered with massive mounds of dirt. The heavy boulders also served to push the tombs deeper into the ground , thus making them even more inaccessible. The Silla burial mechanism made it so that grave robbers and foreign invaders could never steal their precious contents. Some of the crowns are made of pure gold and were probably reserved for kings. Other crowns have been discovered made from gilt bronze or gold plated bronze, probably for princes or lesser kings. Silla crowns have been excavated from the 5th century Gold Crown Tomb, and the 6th century Gold Bell Tomb and Heavenly Horse Tomb. The adoption of Buddhism by the Silla kings in 528 A. D. led to the eventual decline of the practice of burying gold artifacts in tombs and by the end of the sixth century the practice had stopped. However, some believe that the trident like protrusions symbolize mountains or even birds. Additionally, the antler like prongs also indicate a strong connection to Korean Shamanism or the importance of the reindeer. A crown in Afghanistan (see image) bears a strong resemblance to the other Korean crowns which is also evidence of a Scytho Iranian connection. Additionally, the sophisticated metalworking of the crowns of Silla show that Silla gold smiths held an advanced knowledge of working with gold. Some have even theorized that these advanced goldworking techniques, such as granulation and filigree, came from the Greek or the Etruscan people, especially because Silla tumuli also contain beads and glassware which came from as far away as the Mediterranean Sea. But research and historical documents suggest a Persian connection or even origin. Iron objects were introduced to the Korean peninsula through trade with chiefdoms and state level societies in the Yellow Sea area in the 4th century BC, just at the end of the Warring States Period but before the Western Han Dynasty began. The delicate nature of the gold crowns comes from the fact they were made from cutting thin sheet gold. The crown is impractical to wear and some believe that the crown may have been made specifically as a burial good. There are two parts to this crown. The outer band was discovered within the tomb while the inner cap was found outside of the tomb. The outer band consists of three tree like branches which have three branches each. The Chinese character chul is written three times on the head band Additionally, the outer head band also has two antler like protrusions on the left and right side. All of the protrusions have jade and glass beads and tiny golden mirrors that dangle from the branches. On the sides of the headband also are two chains of gold with leaf like decorations that end with jade jewels. These two chains hang below the head band. The inner crown is a triangle shaped hat made of thin sheet gold and has two wing like decorations on it. The wings are believed to relate to Korean shamanistic beliefs. The crown is now in the Gyeongju National Museum and is a masterpiece of Korean art. |
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}
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| National Treasure No. 188The Gold Crown from Cheonmachong is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The crown was designated as the 188th National Treasure of Korea on December 7, 1978. The crown was found in Cheonmachong (Tomb No. 155, also known as The Heavenly Horse Tomb) in 1973 and is believed to be the crown of King Soji or King Jijeung. The crown is 32.5 centimeters in height. There are three prongs forming the Chinese character “mountain” on the front of the crown. There are also two prongs in the shape of a deer antler on the back. This crown also has two dangling chains of gold in the shape of leaves hanging from the end of the headband. Notably, the tree like prongs of this crown have four branches instead of the more common used three branch motif. There is still controversy of how this crown was to be worn because of where it was found in the tomb in relation to the coffin. The neo Lines who interacted with the Sogdians on the Silk Road embraced the culture of nomads. Nomads perceived nature in three dimensions: low, medium, and high. This way of thinking appears as an ornament of deer, which means ground, trees connecting the ground to the sky, and birds flying in the sky. The Silla Geumgwan tells us that the Silla people actively interacted and flexibly embraced other cultures. |
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| National Treasure No. 191
The Gold crown from Hwangnamdaechong is currently housed in the National Museum of Korea and is one of the most popular exhibits there, along with the two Bangasayusang. It is a National Treasure of Korea and was named as one on December 12, 1978. The height of the crown is 27.5 centimeters and the gold chains and pendants that dangle from the crown, known as Suhasik are 13 to 30.3 centimeters in length. The crown is known for its abundant use of jade. The Suhasik are grouped into two groups of three and are arranged with the longest chains on the outer edge to the smallest chains closest to the front of the crown. The Suhasik also hold blue jade and golden leaves on the end of the chains. There is still a controversy of whether the Suhasik are actually a part of the crown, namely because the Suhasik were found separate from the crown when excavated. The crown has three tree like prongs with three branches each and also has two antler like prongs on the left and right side of the main band. The tree like prongs of the crown have been interpreted by some scholars as the Chinese character for “mountain”. Decorations of a deer antler are attached to the ends of the crown. 77 pieces of jade were adorned on the crown. Sixteen pieces of comma shaped blue jade were attached to the Chinese characters, nine pieces of jade on the deer antler, and eleven pieces on the head girdle. This crown is particularly noted for its abundant use of jade. This crown may have been made for a queen and there is a significant controversy about who was buried in the tomb. |
! rowspan="3" | Treasures
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| Treasure No. 338
This crown, known as Gold crown from Geumnyeongchong Tumulus , is currently housed at the National Museum of Korea. At 27 centimeters in heights and 15 centimeters in diameter, it is the smallest Silla crown discovered thus far, and the simplest. Like a typical Silla crown, it has five main prongs. The tree like prongs, shaped like the Chinese character chul, which means “going out”, are placed on the front and sides of the headband. The tree like prongs have four branches each. There are two antler like prongs which flank the two side tree like prongs. Additionally, there are birds on top of each branch. On the upper and lower part of the surface are two lined spot patterns made with a stamping technique. Hanging ornaments hang at the right and left side of the crown frame. This crown has the distinction of being the only gold crown made solely of gold without any jade accoutrements. |
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| Treasure No. 339
The Gold crown from Seobongchong Tumulus is a gold crown of Silla origin that is now housed at the Gyeongju National Museum. The crown is 30.7 centimeters in height, 18.4 centimeters in diameter, and 24.7 high when the ornaments hanging from the headband. There are five branches standing on the broad crown frame which is stamped with a wave pattern and stamped in a form of a dotted line. The headband is decorated with leaf shapes and bent jade. The right and left most branches, along with the middle branches of the five branches, are composed of the Chinese character in three prongs. The tips of the branches are decorated with a budding flower ornament. Two crossing gold belts having the tip on the each 4 dividing points of the crown frame, construct the inside framework. At either side of the crown frame, styled earrings are dangling from the headband. |
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| Treasure No. 631The Silver crown from the south mound of Tumulus No. 98, is a silver crown and was found near the head of the body in the coffin of the tomb. The crown is currently housed in Gyeongju National Museum. The measurements of the crown are: 17.2 centimeters in height, 16.6 centimeters in diameter, the width of the headband is 3.2 centimeters. The crown has three prongs but they are unique to any other kind of Silla crown discovered thus far. The center prong is thick and shaped like a shield or a perhaps a shape bent like a bow with a high middle section. There is a silver plate attached to this prong. On either side of the center prong is a crescent shaped prong. The outer side of these crescent shaped prongs are cut and twisted to make feather like protrusions which are unique to Silla art. However, there is an analogous example of this feather like embellishment from a crown of Gaya providence found at the Uiseongtamni Tumulus. The Eungwan crown was uncovered in Tumuli Park of Michu Royal Tomb in Gyeongju. The mound is connected from the north and south and so has the shape of a gourd. With a diameter of 80 meters from east to west and 120 meters from north to south, it is the largest mound of Silla. The south mound is 23 meters in height, the north mound, which is where National Treasure No. 191 was uncovered, is 22 meters in height. |}