Кіріспе
Екінші дүниежүзілік соғыстың тарихындағы жапондық жаулау: 1941–1942 жылдары Филиппиннің жаулануы
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Екінші Филиппин Республикасының соңы
Филиппин Ұлттық Достастығының қайта орнатылуы
| мәртебесі =
| жауынгер1 = Филиппин Ұлттық Достастығы
Қолдауы:
| жауынгер2 = Жапония Империясы
Филиппин Республикасы
| қолбасшы1 = 🏴 АҚШ Дуглас Макартур 🏴 Филиппин Ұлттық Достастығы Серджио Осмена Честер У. Нимиц Уолтер Крюгер Уильям Холси Томас К. Кинкайд Джордж К. Кенни Джон Коллинз
| қолбасшы2 = 🏴 Жапония Империясы Томоюки Ямашита 🏴 Екінші Филиппин Республикасы Жозе П. Лаурель Акира Муто Сосаку Судзуки Шизуо Йокояма Соэму Тоёда Такэо Курита Дзисабуро Озава Сандзи Ивабути
| күштер1 = 6-шы армия
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
8-ші армия
5-ші әуе күштері
201-ші эскадрилья
3-ші флот 7-ші флот 74-ші тапсырма тобы
| күштер2 = 14-ші аймақтық армия
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Біріктірілген флот
2-ші флот
3-ші флот
5-ші флот
Әскери-әуе күштері
1-ші Әскери-теңіз әуе флоты
2-ші Әскери-теңіз әуе флоты
| күші1 = 1,250,000 🏴 Филиппин Ұлттық Достастығы 30,000+ партизан 208
| күші2 = 529,802 ~6,000 ополченец
| қазалар1 = Барлығы: 220,000+ америкалық
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Құрамы:
20,712 жауынгерлік қаза
50,954 тірі жаралы
52+ тірі тұтқын (Армия)
200+ есепсіз жоғалған (Армия)
140,000+ жауынгерлік емес қазалар
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Материалдық шығын:
33+ батқан кеме
95+ зақымдалған кеме
485+ ұшақ
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Филиппин
Белгісіз
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Мексикалық
~10 (5 жауынгер емес)
| қазалар2 = Барлығы: 430,000 жапондық
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Құрамы:
420,000 қаза және жоғалған
10,000 Лейте шығанағындағы қазалар. Материалдық шығын:
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
93+ батқан кеме 1,300 ұшақ
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Мариана кампаниясындағы (1944 жылдың маусым және шілде айларында Сайпан, Гуам және Тиниан аралдарында) жеңістерімен американдық күштер Жапонияның өзіне жақындады. Мариана аралдарынан АҚШ Әскери-әуе күштерінің (USAAF) өте ұзақ қашықтықтағы B-29 Superfortress ауыр бомбалаушылары жапондық үй аралдарын жақсы жабдықталған әуе базаларынан бомбалай алады – тауарлық кемелер мен танкерлер арқылы жабдықтауға тікелей қол жеткізетін базалар. (Бұрынғы B-29 Жапонияға қарсы бомбалау науқаны Британдық Үндістан мен Британдық Бирма арқылы өте ұзақ және қиын жабдықтау желісінің соңынан басталған еді – бұл өте жеткіліксіз болып шықты. Барлық B-29 ұшақтары 1944 жылдың күзінде Мариана аралдарына көшірілді.) Жапония соғыста жеңіліп бара жатқаны анық болса да, Жапон үкіметі, Жапон императорлық армиясы мен флоты капитуляциялауға, құлауға немесе бас июге ниет білдірмеді. 1898 жылдан бері Филиппин халқы мен Америка Құрама Штаттары арасында тығыз қарым-қатынас болды, Филиппин 1935 жылы Филиппин Ұлттық Достастығына айналды және 1946 жылдың ортасында тәуелсіздікке уәде берді. Сонымен қатар, адмирал Уильям Ф. Хэлсидің басшылығымен американдық жылдам тасымалдаушы жұмыс тобының Филиппиндегі жапондық әуеайлақтары мен басқа да базаларға қарсы әуе шабуылының кең ауқымды сериясы жапондық қарсылыққа аз ұшырады, мысалы жапон армиясының ұшақтарымен қарсылық білдірді. Адмирал Халсидің ұсынысы бойынша Канадада жиналған Біріктірілген штаб басшылары Филиппиндегі алғашқы қону күнін алға жылжыту туралы шешімді ғана емес, сонымен қатар оны оңтүстік Минданао аралынан солтүстікке, Филиппиндегі Лейте аралына көшіру туралы шешімді мақұлдады. 1944 жылдың 20 қазанында Лейте аралына қонудың жаңа күні Минданао аралына қонудың бұрынғы мақсатынан екі ай бұрын белгіленді. Филиппиндіктер шабуылға дайын болды. 1942 жылдың наурыз айында генерал Макартур Филиппиннен эвакуацияланғаннан кейін, оның барлық аралдары жапондықтарға тиді. Жапондықтардың басып алуы қатал болды, қатыгездіктермен және көптеген филиппиндіктер құлдық жұмысына мәжбүр болды. 1942 жылдың ортасынан 1944 жылдың ортасына дейін Макартур мен Нимиц АҚШ Әскери-теңіз күштерінің су асты кемелері мен бірнеше парашютпен құлату арқылы филиппин партизандарын қамтамасыз етіп, жігерлендірді, соның арқасында партизандар жапон армиясын қинап, ауылдық орман мен таулы аймақтарды – архипелагтың жартысына жуығын иеленді. Филиппиндіктердің көбі Америка Құрама Штаттарына адал болып қала беріп, жапондықтардан босату оларға бостандық пен уәде етілген тәуелсіздік әкеледі деп үміттенді және сенді. Австралия үкіметі генерал Макартурға Филиппинді азат ету үшін Австралия армиясының бірінші корпусын пайдалануға ұсыныс жасады. Макартур әрқайсысы әртүрлі АҚШ армиясына қосылған екі австралиялық жаяу әскер дивизиясын қолдануды ұсынды, бірақ бұл идея АҚШ армиясының құрамына кіруден гөрі Филиппиннің белгілі бір аймағында айтарлықтай операциялық бақылауға ие болғысы келген Австралия кабинетіне ұнамады. Австралиялық министрлер кабинеті мен Макартур арасында келісімге қол жеткізілген жоқ, ол мұны осылай қалаған болуы мүмкін. Алайда, Австралияның Корольдік әуе күштері мен Австралияның Корольдік әскери-теңіз күштері, мысалы ауыр крейсері, қатысқан. Австралияның жер асты әскерлерін қабылдамаудан басқа, Макартур Филиппин кампаниясының 10 айында АҚШ-тың теңіз жауынгерлерін негізгі жер асты жауынгерлік операцияларға пайдаланудан бас тартты. Бұл науқанда АҚШ теңіз жауынгерлерінің жалғыз үлесі - бұл АҚШ армиясының сарбаздарына әуеден қорғаныш беруге көмектескен және АҚШ армиясының әуе күштері ұшақтарына және бригада генерал Томас Э. Бурк басқаратын V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Артиллериясы атты бір шағын USMC артиллерия бөлімшесіне көмектескен USMC ұшақтары мен авиаторлары. Бұл 1500 әскери артиллерияшы Филиппинде Лейте шайқасында 21 қазаннан 13 желтоқсанға дейін ғана шайқасты. Бұл шағын артиллерия корпусы 1944-45 жылдары Филиппинде қызмет еткен жалғыз АҚШ әскери-теңіз күштері жер бетіндегі жауынгерлік бөлім болды. Америка филиппинді қайта жаулап алған кезде партизандар ашық түрде жапондық күштерге шабуылдай бастады, алға жылжыған тұрақты әскерлердің алдында барлау жұмыстарын жүргізді және алға жылжыған американдық дивизиялармен бірге шайқаста өз орнын алды.
Aspect of WWII history
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
the Japanese conquest of the Philippines in 1941–1942
End of the Second Philippine Republic
Restoration of the Commonwealth of the Philippines
| status =
| combatant1 =
Commonwealth of the Philippines
Supported by:
| combatant2 = Empire of Japan
Republic of the Philippines
| commander1 = 🏴 United States Douglas MacArthur🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines Sergio Osmeña Chester W. Nimitz Walter Krueger William Halsey Jr. Thomas C. Kinkaid George C. Kenney John Collins
| commander2 = 🏴 Empire of Japan Tomoyuki Yamashita🏴 Second Philippine Republic José P. Laurel Akira Mutō Sōsaku Suzuki Shizuo Yokoyama Soemu Toyoda Takeo Kurita Jisaburō Ozawa Sanji Iwabuchi
| units1 = 6th Army
8th Army
5th Air Force
201st Squadron
3rd Fleet 7th Fleet Task Force 74
| units2 = 14th Area Army
Combined Fleet
2nd Fleet
3rd Fleet
5th Fleet
Navy Air Service
1st Naval Air Fleet
2nd Naval Air Fleet
| strength1 = 1,250,000🏴 Commonwealth of the Philippines 30,000+ guerrillas 208
| strength2 = 529,802 ~6,000 militia
| casualties1 = Total: 220,000+ American
Personnel:
20,712 battle deaths
50,954 surviving wounded
52+ surviving prisoners (Army)
200+ unaccounted missing (Army)
140,000+ nonbattle casualties
Materiel:
33+ ships sunk
95+ ships damaged
485+ aircraft
Filipino
Unknown
Mexican
~10 (5 non combat)
| casualties2 = Total: 430,000 Japanese
Personnel:
420,000 dead and missing
10,000 casualties at Leyte Gulf. Materiel:
93+ ships sunk1,300 aircraft
With victories in the Marianas campaign (on Saipan, on Guam, and on Tinian, during June and July 1944), American forces were getting close to Japan itself. From the Marianas, the very long range B 29 Superfortress heavy bombers of the U. S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) could bomb the Japanese home islands from well supplied air bases – ones with direct access to supplies via cargo ships and tankers. (The earlier B 29 bombing campaign against Japan had been from the end of a very long and tortuous supply line via British India and British Burma – one that proved to be woefully inadequate. All B 29s were transferred to the Marianas during the fall of 1944.) Although Japan was obviously losing the war, the Japanese Government, and the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy, showed no sign of capitulation, collapse, or surrender. There had been a close relationship between the people of the Philippines and the United States since 1898, with the Philippines becoming the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935, and promised their independence in mid 1946. Furthermore, an extensive series of air attacks by the American Fast Carrier Task Force under Admiral William F. Halsey against Japanese airfields and other bases on the Philippines had drawn little Japanese opposition, such as interceptions by the Japanese Army fighter planes. Upon Admiral Halsey's recommendation, the Combined Chiefs of Staff, meeting in Canada, approved a decision not only to move up the date for the first landing in the Philippines, but also to move it north from the southernmost island of Mindanao to the central island of Leyte, Philippines. The new date set for the landing on Leyte, October 20, 1944, was two months before the previous target date to land on Mindanao. The Filipino people were ready and waiting for the invasion. After General MacArthur had been evacuated from the Philippines in March 1942, all of its islands fell to the Japanese. The Japanese occupation was harsh, accompanied by atrocities and with large numbers of Filipinos pressed into slave labor. From mid 1942 through mid 1944, MacArthur and Nimitz supplied and encouraged the Filipino guerrilla resistance by U. S. Navy submarines and a few parachute drops, so that the guerrillas could harass the Japanese Army and take control of the rural jungle and mountainous areas – amounting to about half of the archipelago. While remaining loyal to the United States, many Filipinos hoped and believed that liberation from the Japanese would bring them freedom and their already promised independence. The Australian government offered General MacArthur the use of the First Corps of the Australian Army for the Liberation of the Philippines. MacArthur suggested that two Australian infantry divisions be employed, each of them attached to a different U. S. Army Corps, but this idea was not acceptable to the Australian Cabinet, which wanted to have significant operational control within a certain area of the Philippines, rather than simply being part of a U. S. Army Corps. No agreement was ever reached between the Australian Cabinet and MacArthur – who might have wanted it that way. However, units from the Royal Australian Air Force and the Royal Australian Navy, such as the heavy cruiser , were involved. In addition to rejecting Australian ground troops MacArthur also rejected the use of U. S. marines for major ground combat operations during the whole 10 months of the Philippines campaign. The only contributions by the U. S. Marine Corps in this campaign were USMC aircraft and aviators, who greatly helped to provide air cover for the U. S. Army soldiers and assisted U. S. Army Air Forces aircraft, and one small USMC artillery unit, V Amphibious Corps (VAC) Artillery, commanded by Brigadier General Thomas E. Bourke. These 1,500 USMC artillerymen only fought in the Philippines during the Battle of Leyte from October 21 to December 13. This small artillery corps was the only USMC ground combat unit that served in the Philippines in 1944 45. During the American re conquest of the Philippines, the guerrillas began to strike openly against Japanese forces, carried out reconnaissance activities ahead of the advancing regular troops, and took their places in battle beside the advancing American divisions.
Лейте
1944 жылдың 20 қазанында АҚШ-тың алтыншы армиясы, теңіз және әуе шабуылының қолдауымен, Минданаоның солтүстік-шығысынан, Висая аралдары тобындағы Лейте аралының қолайлы шығыс жағалауына десант түсірді. Жапондықтар теңіз және әуе күштерінің күшін дұрыс бағаламады және десантты жоюға тырысты. Бұл 23-26 қазан аралығында болған Лейте шығанағы шайқасы деп аталатын шайқастардың кең ауқымды тізбегіне әкелді. АҚШ теңіз күштері, оның жылдам авианосецтер тобы, су үсті флоты және су асты кемелерінің шешуші жеңісі Императорлық жапон теңіз күштерінің (IJN) қалған бөлігін тиімді түрде жойды, ол бұған дейін барлық жедел авианосец күштерін жоғалтқан болатын. IJN төрт авианосецті (тек алдау үшін ғана қолданылған, әуе эскадрильясы таусылған кемелер), көптеген линкорлар мен ауыр крейсерлер, сондай-ақ көптеген жеңіл крейсерлер мен эсминецтерді жоғалтты. IJN енді ірі шайқасқа қатыса алмады. АҚШ-тың алтыншы армиясы шығыстан ілгерілеуді жалғастырды, ал жапондықтар аралдың батыс жағындағы Ормок шығанағы аймағына күш-қуат жіберді. Алтыншы армия үздіксіз нығайтылып тұрғанда, АҚШ-тың бесінші әуе күштері мен АҚШ-тың үшінші флотының 38-ші жедел тобы жапондықтардың әуе шабуылдарына және жаңа күштер мен жабдықтың түсірілуіне қарсы әрекеттерді тоқтатуға және 1944 жылдың 11 қарашасынан 21 желтоқсанына дейін болған Ормок шығанағы шайқасында армияның құрлық әскерлеріне үлкен көмек көрсетуге мүкіндік алды. Филиппин партизандары қоғамдық тәртіпті сақтау және жолдарды және магистральдарды кептелістен таза ұстау бойынша құнды қызмет атқарды. Американдық плацдармдар құрылғаннан кейін, Лейте партизандық топтары барлау, ақпарат жинау және жауынгерлік операцияларға көмектесу үшін тікелей алтыншы армия корпусына және дивизияларына қосылды. АҚШ-тың алтыншы армиясының Таклобан және Дулаг жағалауларына десант түсірген кезде полковник Руперто Канглионның бөлімшелері әрекетке кірісті. Олар жапондықтардың мақсатты аймаққа қарай жылжуын тоқтату үшін маңызды көпірлерді жарды; жау патрульдерін мазалады; және жабдықтау мен оқ-дәрі қоймаларын саботаж жасады. Партизандық бекеттерден Канглион штабына жіберілген жау әскерлерінің қозғалысы және орналасуы туралы ақпарат дереу алтыншы армияға жіберілді. Көптеген нөсер жаңбырлар мен қиын жерлер арқылы Лейте аралында және оның солтүстігіндегі Самар аралына қарай ілгерілеу жалғасты. 1944 жылдың 7 желтоқсанында АҚШ армиясының бөлімшелері Ормок шығанағына тағы бір десант түсірді және ірі құрлық және әуе шайқасынан кейін десанттық күш жапондықтардың Лейтедегі әскерлерін нығайту және жабдықтау мүмкіндігін тоқтатты. Лейтеде айлар бойы қатал шайқастар жалғасқанмен, АҚШ армиясы үнемі бақылауда болды.
On October 20, 1944, the U. S. Sixth Army, supported by naval and air bombardment, landed on the favorable eastern shore of Leyte, one of the islands of the Visayas island group, northeast of Mindanao. The Japanese miscalculated the relative strength of the naval and air forces, and they attempted to destroy the landing. This brought about the massive sequence of battles called the Battle of Leyte Gulf, fought on October 23 through October 26. This decisive victory by the U. S. Navy, its Fast Carrier Task Force, its surface fleet, and its submarines effectively destroyed the remainder of the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN), which had already lost all of its effective aircraft carrier forces. The IJN had four of its carriers sunk (ships with depleted air squadrons – which were used only as decoys), numerous battleships and heavy cruisers, and a large number of light cruisers and destroyers. The IJN was never able to fight a major battle after this. The U. S. Sixth Army continued its advance from the east, as the Japanese rushed reinforcements to the Ormoc Bay area on the western side of the island. While the Sixth Army was continually reinforced, the U. S. Fifth Air Force and the U. S. 3rd Fleet's Task Force 38 were able to devastate the Japanese attempts at air attacks and at landing new reinforcements and supplies, and also provide much support to the Army's ground troops during what is known as the Battle of Ormoc Bay from November 11 to December 21, 1944. The Filipino guerrillas also performed valuable service in maintaining public order and in keeping the roads and highways free of congestion. After the American beachheads were established, the Leyte guerrilla groups were attached directly to the Sixth Army corps and divisions to assist in scouting, intelligence, and combat operations. With the initial U. S. Sixth Army landings on the beaches at Tacloban and Dulag, Colonel Ruperto Kangleon's units went into action. They dynamited key bridges to block Japanese displacement toward the target area; they harassed enemy patrols; and they sabotaged supply and ammunition depots. Information on enemy troop movements and dispositions sent from guerrilla outposts to Kangleon's Headquarters was dispatched immediately to Sixth Army. During many torrential rains and over difficult terrain, the advance continued across Leyte and onto the major island of Samar, just north of Leyte. On December 7, 1944, the U. S. Army units made another amphibious landing at Ormoc Bay and, after a major land and air battle, the landing force cut off all Japanese ability to reinforce and resupply their troops on Leyte. Although fierce fighting continued on Leyte for months, the U. S. Army was always in control.
Миндаро
АҚШ-тың 6-шы армиясының екінші маңызды нысанасы Миндаро аралы болды. Бұл үлкен арал Лусон мен Манила шығанағынан оңтүстікке қарай орналасқан. Макартурдың оны басып алудағы басты мақсаты – Лусон аралының үстінде билік ете алатын истребительдер үшін әуежайлар салу еді. Лусон – маңызды теңіз порты мен Манила астанасы бар арал. Жетінші флоттың Лейтеден Миндароға бағытталған үлкен шабуылдық конвойы камикадзелердің күшті шабуылына ұшырады, бірақ олар американдықтардың Миндароға шабуылдауын тоқтата алмады. Миндароны жапон армиясы жеңіл басып алған, ал оның көп бөлігін филиппин партизандары бақылап ұстады, сондықтан Миндаро тез басып алынды. АҚШ армиясының инженерлері Сан-Хоседе ірі әуе базасын салуға дереу кірісті. Лусонға жақын орналасқаннан басқа, Миндароның тағы бір артықшылығы бар: жылдың көбісінде жақсы ұшу ауа-райы болады, себебі бұл Филиппиннің салыстырмалы түрде құрғақ бөлігі. Бұл Лейтеден өзгеше, онда жыл бойы нөсер жаңбырлар жауады, бұл нашар ауа-райына ғана емес, сонымен қатар әуежайлар салуды қиындатады және лайлы жағдай тудырады. Миндаро сонымен қатар тағы бір үлкен жетістікке қол жеткізді: Тынық мұхитындағы соғыста USAAF эскадрильяларының жылдам және ұзақ қашықтыққа ұша алатын P-51B Mustang истребительдерін алғаш рет пайдалануы. Миндаро 6-шы армия мен USAAF үшін маңызды жеңіс болды және Макартурдың 6-шы армиясының келесі әрекеті үшін маңызды базаны қамтамасыз етті: Лусонға шабуыл жасау, әсіресе оның батыс жағалауындағы Лингаен шығанағына.
The U. S. 6th Army's second major target to attack was Mindoro. This large island is directly south of Luzon and Manila Bay, and MacArthur's main goal in taking it was to be able to construct airfields on it for fighter planes that could dominate the sky over the most important island of Luzon, with its major seaport and capital city of Manila. The Seventh Fleet's large invasion convoy from Leyte to Mindoro came under strong attack by kamikazes, but they could not delay the American invasion of Mindoro. Mindoro was only lightly occupied by the Japanese Army, and much of it was held by Filipino guerrillas, so Mindoro was quickly overrun. U. S. Army engineers set about rapidly constructing a major air base at San Jose. Besides being close to Luzon, Mindoro has another advantage: good flying weather nearly all the time, because this is a part of the Philippines that is relatively dry – quite unlike Leyte which receives torrential rains most of the year, not only giving it poor flying weather, but making it very muddy and difficult to construct airfields. Mindoro was also the location of another breakthrough: the first appearance during the War in the Pacific of USAAF squadrons flying the fast, long range P 51B Mustang fighters. Mindoro was a major victory for the 6th Army and the USAAF, and it also provided the major base for the next move of MacArthur's 6th Army: the invasion of Luzon, especially at Lingayen Gulf on its western coast.
Лусон аралы
1944 жылдың 15 желтоқсанында, минималды қарсылыққа тап болып, Лингяен шығанағындағы жоспарланған операциялар үшін маңызды орын болған Миндоро аралының оңтүстік жағалауына десанттар жасалды, бұл Лусонға жоспарланған ірі десанттарды қолдау мақсатында болды. 1945 жылдың 9 қаңтарында, Лусонның батыс жағалауындағы Лингяен шығанағының оңтүстік жағалауына генерал Крюгердің 6-шы армиясының алғашқы бөлімшелері түсірілді. Бірнеше күн ішінде 175 000-нан астам адам 32 шақырымдық десант жағалауы арқылы өтті. Ауадан күшті қолдаумен армия бөлімдері Маниладан солтүстік-батысқа қарай 64 шақырым жердегі Кларк әскери базасын қаңтардың соңғы аптасында басып алды. Содан кейін екі ірі десант жасалды, біреуі Батан түбегін кесіп тастау үшін, екіншісі Маниладан оңтүстікке парашютпен түсірілді. Қалаға қамал жабылды. 1945 жылдың 3 ақпанында АҚШ-тың 1-ші кавалерия дивизиясының бөлімдері Маниланың солтүстік шетіне еніп, 8-ші кавалерия полкі (жаяу әскер ретінде ұйымдастырылған) солтүстік қала маңынан және қаланың ішіне өтті. Манилаға шабуыл солтүстік және оңтүстіктен жалғасты, ал Батан түбегі тез арада бақылауға алынды. 16 ақпанда десантшылар мен теңіз бөлімдері бірдей Corregidor аралына шабуыл жасады. Бұл бекіністі басып алу қажет болды, өйткені ондағы әскерлер Манила шығанағына кіруді бөгеуі мүмкін еді. Америкалықтар Жапонияға күтілетін шабуылды қолдау үшін Манила шығанағында ірі теңіз портын құруға мұқтаж болды, ол 1945 жылдың 1 қарашасында басталуы жоспарланған. Corregidorдағы қарсылық 27 ақпанда тоқтатылды, ал 1945 жылдың 15 тамызында Жапон империясының барлық қарсылығы аяқталды, бұл Жапон аралдарына шабуыл қажеттігін жойды. Бастапқы оптимизмге қарамастан, Манила шайқасы қатал болды. 3 наурызға дейін қаладан барлық жапондық әскерлерді тазалауға уақыт кетті, жапон теңіз жаяу әскерлері табандылықпен күресті және жапон армиясының істегені сияқты, берілуге немесе эвакуациялауға бас тартты. Fort Drum, Манила шығанағындағы Corregidor маңындағы бекінілген арал, 13 сәуірге дейін қарсылық көрсетті, содан кейін әскер тобы жағаға шығып, фортқа 3000 галлон дизель отынын құйып, жарылғыш зарядтарды орнатты. Fort Drumдағы жапондық сарбаздардың ешқайсысы жарылыс пен өрттен аман қалған жоқ. Манила шайқасы аяқталып бара жатқанда, жаңадан азат етілген қаланың алдындағы тағы бір мәселе – сумен қамтамасыз ету болды. Генерал Шидзуо Йокояма басқаратын Шимбу тобы Маниланың шығысындағы Sierra Madre тауларында өздерінің позицияларын нығайтып, Ipo бөгетін, Wawa бөгетін және оның айналасындағы аумақтарды бақылады. Нәтижесінде, үздіксіз шайқас болды, бұл 1945 жылдың 28 ақпанынан 30 мамырына дейін Оңтүстік-Батыс Тынық мұхитындағы ең ұзақ үздіксіз жауынгерлік қимыл болды. Wawa бөгетінің шайқасы мен Ipo бөгетінің шайқасы кезінде Шимбу тобына қарсы 6-шы армияның XIV корпусы күш біріктірді, кейіннен XI корпус оны алмастырды. Шайқас 3 айға созылды, бірақ америкалық күштер филиппиндік партизандардың қолдауымен, Маркос "Маркинг" Агустин басшылығымен Шимбу тобын жеңіске жеткізіп, генерал Йокояманы күштерін шығысқа қарай шегінуге мәжбүр етті. Барлығы он АҚШ дивизиясы мен бес тәуелсіз полк Лусон шайқасына қатысты, бұл Тынық мұхитындағы ең ірі американдық операция болды, онда Құрама Штаттар Солтүстік Африка, Италия немесе Оңтүстік Францияда қолданғаннан да көп әскер жұмылдырылды.
On December 15, 1944, landings against minimal resistance were made on the southern beaches of the island of Mindoro, a key location in the planned Lingayen Gulf operations, in support of major landings scheduled on Luzon. On January 9, 1945, on the south shore of Lingayen Gulf on the western coast of Luzon, General Krueger's Sixth Army landed his first units. Almost 175,000 men followed across the twenty mile (32 km) beachhead within a few days. With heavy air support, Army units pushed inland, taking Clark Field, 40 mile (64 km) northwest of Manila, in the last week of January. Two more major landings followed, one to cut off the Bataan Peninsula, and another, which included a parachute drop, south of Manila. Pincers closed on the city. On February 3, 1945, elements of the U. S. 1st Cavalry Division pushed into the northern outskirts of Manila, and the 8th Cavalry Regiment (organized as infantry) passed through the northern suburbs and into the city itself. As the advance on Manila continued from the north and the south, the Bataan Peninsula was rapidly secured. On February 16, paratroopers and amphibious units simultaneously assaulted the islet of Corregidor. Taking this stronghold was necessary because troops there could block the entrance of Manila Bay. The Americans needed to establish a major harbor base at Manila Bay to support the expected invasion of Japan, planned to begin on November 1, 1945. Resistance on Corregidor ended on February 27, and then all resistance by the Japanese Empire ceased on August 15, 1945, obviating the need for an invasion of the Japanese Home Islands. Despite initial optimism, fighting in Manila was harsh. It took until March 3 to clear the city of all Japanese troops, and the Japanese Marines, who fought on stubbornly and refused to either surrender or to evacuate as the Japanese Army had done. Fort Drum, a fortified island in Manila Bay near Corregidor, held out until April 13, when a team of Army troops went ashore and pumped 3,000 gallons of diesel fuel into the fort, then set off incendiary charges. No Japanese soldiers in Fort Drum survived the blast and fire. As the fighting in Manila was coming to a close, the other challenge faced by newly liberated city was its water supply. The Shimbu Group under Gen. Shizuo Yokoyama fortified their positions east of Manila in the Sierra Madre mountain range practically controlling Ipo Dam, Wawa Dam, and its surrounding areas. The result was a seesaw battle, and the longest continuous combat engagement in the Southwest Pacific Theater from February 28 to May 30, 1945. Facing the Shimbu Group during the Battle of Wawa Dam and Battle of Ipo Dam was initially the 6th Army's XIV Corps, and this would later be replaced by the XI Corps. While the fighting took 3 months, the American forces supported by Filipino guerrillas led by Marcos "Marking" Agustin forced decimated the Shimbu Group, forcing Gen. Yokoyama to retreat his forces further east. In all, ten U. S. divisions and five independent regiments battled on Luzon, making it the largest American campaign of the Pacific war, involving more troops than the United States had used in North Africa, Italy, or southern France.
Үгіт-насихат науқанын аяқтау
28 ақпанда АҚШ-тың Сегізінші армиясы Пуэрто-Принсесаға қонды, соның нәтижесінде Борнео мен Миндоро аралы арасында орналасқан Филиппиннің бесінші ең ірі және батыс аралы – Палаванға шабуыл жасалды. Жапондықтар Палаванды тікелей қорғауға көп күш жұмсаған жоқ, бірақ жапондықтардың қарсылық көрсеткен топтарын тазалау сәуірдің соңына дейін жалғасты. Жапондықтар әдеттегі тактикасын қолданды – таулар мен ормандарға шегініп, шағын топтарға бөлініп тарады. Филиппиннің барлық аймақтарында АҚШ әскерлеріне филиппиндік партизандар көмектесіп, жаудан қалғандарды іздеп тауып жойды. Соңғысы Хиру Онода 1974 жылға дейін Минданародағы Лубанг аралының тауларында берілмеді. Одан кейін АҚШ-тың Сегізінші армиясы Филиппиннің ең соңғы ірі аралдарының бірі – Минданаоға (17 сәуір) алғашқы қонуын жасады. Минданаодан кейін Панай, Себу, Негрос және Сулу архипелагының бірнеше аралдарына шабуыл жасалып, олар басып алынды. Бұл аралдар АҚШ-тың Бесінші және Он үшінші әуе күштеріне Филиппин мен Оңтүстік Қытай теңізіндегі нысаналарға шабуыл жасау үшін база ретінде қызмет етті. Минданаоға қосымша қонулардан кейін АҚШ-тың Сегізінші армиясы қарсылықтың табандылығына қарамастан, тұрақты түрде алға жылжуын жалғастырды. Маусымның соңында жаудың қалталары Минданао мен Лусонның оқшауланған аймақтарына қысылды, онда 1945 жылдың 15 тамызында жапондықтардың капитуляциясына дейін шайқас жалғасты. Алайда, жапон армиясының бір бөлігі Токиомен радиобайланысқа шыға алмады, сондықтан олардың кейбіреулерін Жапонияның капитуляцияға берілгенін және олардың ұсталып қалуын сендіру қиын болды. Тынық мұхитының көптеген аралдарындағыдай, Жапонияның жоғары лауазымды шенеуніктері, соның ішінде Императорлық отбасының мүшелері, әскерлерді императордың бұйрығымен капитуляциялауға көндіру үшін жеке келді.
Palawan Island, between Borneo and Mindoro, the fifth largest and westernmost island of the Philippines, was invaded on February 28, with landings of the Eighth United States Army at Puerto Princesa. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, with the Japanese using their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountains and jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, U. S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts, the last of whom, Hiroo Onoda, did not surrender until 1974, in the mountains of Lubang Island in Mindoro. The U. S. Eighth Army then moved on to its first landing on Mindanao (April 17), the last of the major islands of the Philippines to be taken. Mindanao was followed by invasion and occupation of Panay, Cebu, Negros and several islands in the Sulu Archipelago. These islands provided bases for the U. S. Fifth and Thirteenth Air Forces to attack targets throughout the Philippines and the South China Sea. Following additional landings on Mindanao, U. S. Eighth Army troops continued their steady advance against stubborn resistance. By the end of June, the enemy pockets were compressed into isolated pockets on Mindanao and Luzon where fighting continued until the Japanese surrender on August 15, 1945. However, some units of the Japanese Army were out of radio contact with Tokyo, and it was difficult to convince some of them that Japan had surrendered, becoming Japanese holdouts. As at many Pacific Islands, major Japanese officials, including members of the Imperial Family, visited in person to convince the soldiers that they must surrender by order of the Emperor.
Салдары
Жапонияның капитуляциясынан кейін Филиппинде американдық билікте шамамен 45 мың жапондық соғыс тұтқыны болды. Бұл тұтқындар ел бойынша бірнеше лагерьде ұсталды және соғыс жәбірлерін өтеу жұмыстарына жұмыс күші ретінде пайдаланылды. Генерал МакАртур Филиппин соғыс қылмыстары жөніндегі комиссиясын құрды, ал президент Серхио Осменья Ұлттық соғыс қылмыстары жөніндегі кеңсесін құрды. Екі кеңсе де Токиодағы соғыс қылмыстарына қатысты сот процесіне, содан кейін Филиппиндегі соғыс қылмыстарына қатысты сотқа қолдау көрсетті.
Upon the surrender of Japan, some 45,000 Japanese Prisoners of War were in the custody of American authorities in the Philippines. These POWs were held in a number of camps around the country, and were used as labor for war reparation. Gen. MacArthur formed the Philippine War Crimes Commission, while Pres. Sergio Osmeña formed the National War Crimes Office. Both offices supported each other in the pursuit of war crimes trial in Tokyo, and later on the Philippine War Crimes Trial.